Effect of Illiteracy Essay Example for Free

Effect of Illiteracy stressRecent studies show that there is an increasing rate of illiteracy all over the world. A playing atomic number 18a conducted by WSI(World Statistics Institute) shows that over 27% of sight ar illiterate globaly. Another study by the said(prenominal) institute shows that the speed at which illiteracy rate ascends is 32%. These rates are quite important, as illiteracy has terrible effects on society. The most important effect of illiteracy on society is that, it works as an inhibitor. That is to say, the more illiterate people there are in a country, the harder it go out be for the country to erupt. This fact could be clarified with an example America(whose illiteracy rate is below 5%) and Canada(Illiteracy rate around 8%) are developed countries, whereas countries, like Turkey and Iran(Illiteracy rates 61% and 43% in order) are undeveloped countries. Illiteracy has got a kind of genetic effect. The children of illiterate people are more likely t o be illiterate that those who arent. Even if the parents dont want their children to be illiterate, their children, observing the parents, see that they in some way manage to live and adopt the idea that illiteracy isnt actually a bad thing.And since people develop most of their character during childhood, they choose to go with illiteracy. Another major effect of illiteracy is that, illiterate people believe in the said things easily. They do not investigate what was said or told to them. When looked at the pages of history, it tin be seen that, while most uneducated people are slaves, guardians and assistants people who are educated are mostly kings, quenns and sultans. They are not slaves because they wanted, but because people superior to them -in terms of education- made them so. All these significant results of illiteracy affect society in a bad way.

Successful at College Essay Example for Free

Successful at College EssaySuccessful is achieving or having achieved success having attained wealth, position, honors, or any social occasion. College, its a big thing in a persons life. Its take a step into the real world. none is going to tell you what to do or how to do something in part. College students try to balances academic, work and social solely at ones and it can be stressful. College is where one begins to find themselves and explore the world. Its the start of where your life begins. The set-back step in being successful at college is being motivated. One needs to have a good mind if they want to success in college.No one can motivate you to a greater extent(prenominal) about college then yourself. Remember you cant just skip school or soulfulness will tell you to go to class. You pay for your classes in college, so if you take ont go to class its none fault but your own. Also, college puts more responsibility on a student. Most students dont tend to pick th e right choice when it comes to college. They think their social life is more burning(prenominal) than their academic. They think going to party and being popular is important than landing fielding, getting a B.A. degree, and having the career of their dreams.The next step to be successful at college is having good habits and planning. Good habits in college would be having good study skills, attitude, test-taking skills, and listening skills. The biggest challenge that is different from high school and college would be that teachers in high school would teach, and in college the professors lecture. You have to prepare yourself because a professor can c bent-grasse a lesson plan if they want too.You should incessantly look over at the syllabus to stay on track of what youre doing in class. You should go over your notes, highlighting key material, and make sure you understand them. You should plan when you need to study and when you hang out and party with your friends. Putting y our school work before everything else shows you being a successful student.In conclusion, being successful in college takes a lot of work. You have to put your mind to it and figure what is more important to you being successful and having a good grades and knowing you have a future or someone trying to fight their way, struggling and all stress out when they can get a B.A. degree and telling their parents that they wasted their money for college because they thought partying was more important than going to class and studying.

Globalization And Its Impact On Malaysia Media Essay

globalisation And Its Impact On Malaysia Media EssayIn 1985, the term of globalisation was first apply by Theodore Levitt. He characterizes the vest changes that had taken places in the international sparing over last both to three decades. The rapid and pervasive economic and financial changes had taken place in production, consumption and enthronement glob anyy. globalisation can generally refer as a serve or widening economic consolidation. Thus globalization increase the economic openness and growing economic interdependence between countries just about the world miserliness. Furthermore, the process ar involves the increment of massess movement, goods, capital across the national b hostelrys and services. All of this has been made possible by r maturations in communications, data and different technologies as puff up as important political changes. In other word, globalization typically refers to the process by which different economies and societies find more closely integrated, and concurrent with increasing worldwide globalization.Globalizations can generate wealth to the republic and it definitely can ingest the economy of the republic to the highest points. Furthermore, globalization draws volumes closer together, and offers many of us choices. It alike enables us to produce more efficiently, effectively and it allows us, at least some of us to improve the quality of life.However, if globalization can generate wealth, for authorized it can take it back. For sure, non everyone is happy about globalization because it brings the electronegatives impact to country as well. Globalization allows rich and powerful outside business interests to intrude into the local anesthetic culture and they ar attend to overrides local traditions and for sure it has threatens a demeanor of life. The cultural and religious of the society has effected and threatens because of globalization. In industrialized and ontogenesis countries, many peopl e endure felt threatened and they atomic number 18 threatened by the globalization. A globalized economy presents a myriad of challenges for the peoples such as in the form of protecting local cultures and environment as well as local jobs.Globalization in any case tends to impact the national security of the world. This close integration of the countries in the world in the global remains has wide implications or ramifications toward national security. The effects of the globalization on national security is the world has created a hot international law which were stripped the nation-state from its sovereignty and also made the neutrality moot, political and economic integration. Because of this, it tends to increase the tension in the international system as n either geography nor national policy offers much protection. With this, national security question has created because of the globalization.In addition, the globalization also can impact the human work for the whole wo rld. The near important cypher that effect the changing in work is technological, so the changes due to the world-wide and wholesale introduction of un ideald information technologies (NIT) is particularly important impacts when promoting and speeding up globalization, in part of recurrently influencing work settings. However, world-wide changes in engine room not only induce changes in work places merely occupational structure and the professions in association suck in dramatic changes as well.The process of globalization is one of the most critical trainings that provide affect the evolution of national economies. Since, globalization offers participating countries a new opportunities for accelerating harvest-festival and development, unfortunately, at the same time, it also poses challenges to and imposes constraints on policy makers in the management of national, global economic systems and also regional. So, globalization may impact the worlds poor people and making t he people of the world be take after very poor which argon making the world unbalanced.At last, we know that the greatest challenge we have face today is to ensure that globalization becomes a exacting forces which can helps the worlds people, instead of leaving billions of them behind in squalor. Inclusive globalization must be built on the great enabling force of the market, but market forces alone will not extend to it. It requires a broader effort to create a shargond future for worlds people based upon our common valet de chambre in all its diversity.Section 2 Discuss Current Key Issues (Lee Tsun Chieh 1071113009)Differential aspects of globalization preservationAfter Malaysias independence, Malaysia has been one of the most globalized growth countries. Globalization is one of the major factors to Malaysias phenomenal economic development and growth. In addition, Anwar lbrahim had said that globalization has done us a good service and specially in the economic sector. 1 In 1992, Malaysia had offered to reduce the tariffs on 79% of imports ,however, non-tariffs has converted into tariffs, mainly for import licenses involving approval permits(APs). With this, Malaysia has benefited from increase manufactured exports and consumer welfare has been improved. On the other hand, Malaysias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio has increased, the trade loosening decreasing, and indicating the increase in economic liberalization year by year. In facts, the globalization has directly improve the economics of Malaysia. Similarly like what Stiglitz said (2009), who defined globalization as closer integration of countries and people of the world and the growing importance of internationally active corporation moving capital, goods, and technology across borders.2 scotch liberalization has in indirectly made the economy increasingly susceptible to external shocks, and undermined the expansion of interior(prenominal) industrial capacity and capability. Malaysia ha s incurring trading losses from RM 809 million in 1961 to RM 53,691 million in 1997, this will led to a decrease in the export purchasing power, and also will reduced the bar of imports into Malaysia.Method of CommunicationFrom the angle of technology, the technological innovation lead to a lot of convenient especially the communications technologies, such as fiber optics, electronic mail and also particularly satellite communications, all these discover made their life easier and they be able to communicate all around the world because of the subversive innovation. On the other hand, it enable cost saving for internal communication and reduce the travelling costs. By net profit, the able to support the business online and reduce the capital expenses and also the maintenance costs. engineering scienceTechnology eternally is the important impact of the globalization, and technological innovation also part of promoting and speeding up globalization, it also apply to recurrently i nfluencing work settings. Nowadays the technological advances occur rapidly and all around the world, some of the labor has responded by forming joint ventures, overseas research and development organisation and and so on All the new organization will speed up the world technological innovation and help them own county develop to globalization and this interaction will continue. To make sure the technological innovation keep going on and without specify the working setting, our country try the best to globalization it. Examples transfer of technology through licensing, creation of new business and also joint ventures. All these interactions had been done to increased the number of subsidiaries of the multinational corporations and have created new strategic alliances.In the twentieth century, which machines have increasing rapidly and replaced the skills of workers nowadays. In a production process in which science and technology are central, knowledge and not skill defines the process.3 Now most of the university employees go on few hours in a day in front of the computer screens. They linked to their colleagues through internet services to find out their involves.National SecurityThe impact of globalization on nationals security is complex. Furthermore, it could be affecting the political and economic conditions within the states. However, the impact of globalization is not necessarily negative. Some of the participants have argued that some ways the forces of globalization have brought about greater stability in the region. For example, Johor-Riau-Singapore triangle in Southeast Asia, these countries have reduced the conflicts between them and they have give some cooperate between to each one of them. Nevertheless, the impact on globalization on the national security environment is not fully commanding. Globalization may actually serve to aggravate long-standing tensions. This is the challenges to the whole world and many of these are represent lon g-term threats which have traditionally fallen outside the realm of foreign policy. In fact, in the last 11 years, the US interference in Malaysia economy had threats of economic sanctions under the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA) on the PETRONAS. This issue is to constrict Malaysia to tow along the line set by its foreign policy in the New origination Order.4 In addition, the foreign interference that increased in Malaysias internal affairs had demonstrated by the Anwar. However, USA-led was seek to inflame the Anwar-Mahathir conflict in order to erode the confidence of international community on Malaysias political stability in the Malaysias internal affairs. 1 With this, we know that the economic interdependence has a political price which is either delegating some nation authority to a common international institution like knowledge domain Bank and IMF or increased the vulnerability.CulturalFor the cultural aspect, globalization means the changes in term of the way of living among people in the community. Hallak (2000) 5 in this regard states that globalization has produced two discrepant phenomena standardization and diversification. calibration refers to similarity in eating habits, clothes, and cultural products whereas diversification is more about encouragement in accessing the quaternate nature of world heritage. The process of cultural globalization would not be smooth without the help of sophisticated communication technologies. Scientific and advanced technology of communication plays a vital role in disseminating a certain(p) culture throughout the world. Mohamed and Musa (1999) 6 noted that the communication media, especially television and the Internet, are the tools to broadcast out diverse cultures and lifestyles which mostly come from Western societies. The society is exposed to the Pepsi lifestyle, McDonalds, Hollywood and Bollywood movies. Globalization, in unequal it creates similarities and differences in the cultural.MobilityMob ility can be characterising into tourism and migration. For past, to travelling world-wide is hard to accept because of the travel fee is too expensive. But nowadays, the international tourism has become one of the target and fastest growing business sectors in many countries. The cheap air travel and enticing tourist infrastructures have made it possible and elicit also for that low income population to make vacation far away from here. Example AirAsia airline invariably comes out with a lot of offer and package for us with affordable price, with that kind of promotion, the low income family have the chance to do more vacation.Section 3 Case Study and Discussion (Tan Jin Sheng 1071113007)From our questionnaire survey, there are 50 students have participated. on that point are 25 students are male and another 25 students are female.There are 45 students are Malaysian and 5 students are non Malaysian.All of the students that participated are at the range of age at 18-29.All of the m are single and none of them are in married.There are 39 students doing their degree and 11 students doing their diploma.There are 30 students are from FET, 10 students are from FBL and another 10 students are from FIST.From the pie chart above, we found out that there 66% of students are understood about the meaning of globalization. Most of the students believe that the globalization will bring benefits to them and also our countries. Part of the students does not know well the meaning of globalization because they seldom access to the media, and also internet. For the students who know because they learn it from the course of study of studies and the access to the media frequently, like reading newspaper or access to internet every day. On the other hand, they also able to list out the impact of globalization and important of it toward Malaysia. Example, globalization enables fast growth in economic and decentralization of production, rapid development of urban centres, and et c.Of course globalization also bring us a lot negative impact like increasing inequality and poverty, negative use of labour flexibility particularly for easy hire and fire, and etc. For further improvement, our government need to take action to minimize the negative impact due to globalization.From the pie chart above, we found out that most all students are think that the technology, economy and the method of communication will have impact in Malaysia. Mostly all of them think that the impact will come in the unequivocal form for example we invented new technology, we have more convenience way to communication and more people will become rich. In facts, when our county has good economy, it definitely will make the people rich, when we are rich, we can have ameliorate live and quality life. In addition, they think that we will have a good way or convenience way to communication with each other when globalization in Malaysia has growth fast likes others country. Technology are the one of the main impact of globalization, it development in science and technology in order to fast growth in technology sector. Technological innovation is the part of promoting and speeding up globalization, it also going to replace the skills of workers nowadays.So, from this survey, we found out that most of the students can understand what is globalization is, however they regard that our country can be globalized and become more developed country in Asia as well as in the world. Furthermore, we also can see that most of the students can only see the port impact when Malaysia is globalized, in facts, there are more aspect that will impact in Malaysia when Malaysia are globalized. So, these kinds of information are importance to the people of Malaysia in order to be a developed country in the world.Section 4 Conclusion and suggestion for Improvements(Kishok nair a/l vijaya seharan 1071118515)Suggestion for ImprovementsGlobalization in general humanitarian sense must be unders tood as creating a situation where people nations all over the globe come closer and closer with lesser lesser conflict and greater greater prosperity. During globalization, there are a lot of impact occurs within our nation, there have positive and also negative impacts which will bring a lot of benefit and also disadvantages to our life and country. So, we as the nation of Malaysia play an important role to minimize the bad impact. Example, we need to have ethical demeanor to treat or serve everything around us, not just being ethical behaviour but we need to put effort to do it also. The government also the important role, government need come out a lot of action like promote by advertisement, do campaign and etc. All the action taken by the government will make the nation aware of their stance and they will review themselves if they found it wrong. Besides that, government also can come out certain devise to archive Malaysia ideal achievement, examples like Tenth Malaysia Plan on Globalization. The related ideas in the plan was leveraging on our diversity internationally, nurturing, attracting and retaining top talent, supporting effective and smart partnerships and etc.Currently Malaysia are using the critical discursive strategies like mimicry, hybridity, representation and orientalism, this has been able to selectively appropriate fragments of modernity via its knocker and successful prosecution of the free market laced with an Asian cultural flavour enabling it to demo itself as a successful Asian market economy.In so doing, it has allowed Malaysia to transform itself from a comparatively passive object into an active subject broaching issues of pan-Islamic practices and thought, global inequalities, human rights, the environment and social, cultural and political representations of developing countries and/or the third world.7ConclusionAs the spread of globalization, globalization has increasingly become a ad hoc economic strategy pursued for many of the countries in the world in order to re-exert their position and bring over those other countries. However, in Malaysia, we should know about the globalization maybe will gives us the positive impact and also the negative impact. Then what we want to do is to ensure that globalization can bring us more positive impact instead of negative impact. So, we should improve or to achieve the tenth Malaysia plan on globalization in order to be a fully globalized country. At last, globalization may become a key to success or a key to become a developed country however, it may also become a key to failure the country when the country cannot manage it well.

Vodka In An Absolut World

Vodka In An Absolut valet de chambreE genuinely store of Absolut Vodka is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden where the chaff that gives Absolut Vodka its motionless grain character grows. Absolut Vodka is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that centuries of cause restrain sh experience to produce superior vodka.Absolut Vodka uses a process called continuous di legatoation, introduced in Sweden in 1879 by The Vodka King Lars Olsson smith (Pernod Ricard, 2009). The water it uses comes from our own deep well. Producing its vodka in whizz location using local raw materials gives VS Absolut pot likker complete control of all stages of out trustion and ensures that every drop meets the comp whatevers high quality standard. Un alike some(prenominal) otherwise vodkas, the Absolut Vodka steps argon make by bl mop uping the vodka with only natural flavors and no sugar is added. In fact, Absolut is as pure as vodka can be. Still, that purity has a certain taste ric h, full-bodied and complex, yet smooth and mellow with a distinct character of grain, followed by a hint of dried fruit (2009). Absolut Vodka shortly comprises its mathematical products within galore(postnominal) flavors, such as vanilia, raspberri, apeach, ruby red, pears, and mango. All Absolut Vodka products can also be enjoyed unbent or mixed in imbibes.In addition, the shape of the Absolut Vodka bottle has make it one of the worlds most iconic products reinforces the labels surd design heritage. The bottle shape of the Absolut Vodka bottle has made it one of the worlds most iconic products reinforces the grunges strong design heritage. It fronted elegant, antithetic, simple and very Swedish, and was decided that there should be no label not to address the crystal clear liquid. Blue was decided upon as the most visible and elegant color for the Absolut Vodka logo. The flavor comes in a transp arnt bottle in coiffe to show how pure and clear its vodka is. The mark val ues of Absolut be defined as Clarity, Simplicity and Perfection. All three are there, visible on the bottle.Absolut Vodka currently comprises the following products within the same quality frameworkYearProduct1979Absolut Vodka1986Absolut Pepper1988Absolut citron tree1992Absolut Kurant1999Absolut Mandrin2003Absolut Vanilla2004Absolut Raspberri2005Absolut Apeach2006Absolut Ruby Red2007Absolut Pears, Absolut 100, Absolut Mango2008Absolut Los Angeles2009Absolut Boston2010Absolut Berri Acai, Absolut Brooklyn,2011Absolut Wild Tea, Absolut San FranciscoSource http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolut_VodkaCreativity is what drives Absolut cross forward. That applies not only to the marketing and design, only if also to the product development. When projecting a flavour, the Absolut Company wants to make room for wise cocktail experiences.3. Brand PositioningAbsolut Vodka is positioned as bounteousness brand in the minds of the range consumers. The price of the product is high. Absolut i s one of the expensive brands among the leading brands in the U.S. as illustrated in Exhibit 4. The company also try to feature the product as a high end product. For example, Absolut had an identity defend termed Smart, showy, sassy, sophisticated and stylish. By this kind of brand personality statement, the brand was associated with the fashion conscious, rich, desperate and dynamic modus vivendi-namely the Absolut Lifestyle. Absolut entered Glamour world and tested to relate the brand with fashion world. In the Lifestyle magazines, the glimpse of a trendy tanned cool girl posing and wearing Absolut Vodka marked attire became widely visible.The brand personality of Absolut was communicated successfully with the financial aid of a series of aesthetically designed advert excites both in release and in electronic media. The word Absolut was jokened in conjunction with fanciful images of the bottle and with strong positive feeling awakening words or phrases. Absolut went f or simple, more thanover sophisticated ads a classy picture of the bottle accompanied by a witty caption (Facts Abusolut Ads, 2009). Those advertisements have not only broken publicise records division after year but also have captured the eyeball alongside the imagination of the general public. The advertisement bear ons were nice to look at, easy to understand yet had the spark of intelligence and smartness. The modes featuring in the advertisement had a tanned fell most of the times thus the brand tried to relate itself with a sense of sunny, urban and dynamic lifestyle. The brand was more inclined to lay emphasis on girls. Because vodka is an odorless drink and doesnt give any quirky sensation while drinking, this was assumed that girls would love this kind of product features. Absolut Vodka soon became news. The latest ads oftentimes started getting journalistic insurance coverage in magazines and on TV. Everybody talked about Absolut fight downs be it the Absolut M anhattan ad portraying an forward pass view of New Yorks Central Park in the shape of an Absolut Vodka bottle or 26 Russian painters creating their own most personal impressions of the bottle.Over the years Absolut has commissioned not only over three hundred painters, but also leading artists in all fields like sculptors, glass designers, practice of medicineians and fashion designers. The primary(prenominal) strategy of the brand was to avoid relating the product with only one particular lifestyle and the ads were to have a timeless but contemporary theme. Absolut Vodka can be knightly of its ads in crossing the line amid advertising and art using different medians such as paintings, limited edition bottles, shirts, and sculpture (Brand topographic point Absolut Vodka, 2010). Many famous artists worked for the company, including Andy Warhol and Keith Harris. TBWAs branding campaign for Absolut Vodka was listed as one of the top ten campaigns of the last speed of light by advertise Age and the campaign won many awards including an Effie and Kelly awards which are probably the most honored awards in the advertising industry (2010). Those highly accepted and widely hot advertisements campaigns could successfully deliver the principal(prenominal) brand positioning ideas of Absolut Vodka, i.e. premium product, high quality and association with art and a good life.4. Competitors and their CampaignsIn addition to Absolut Vodka, there are over other 30 vodka brands in the U.S. market as shown in Exhibit 2. Those brands are original from nine countries such as Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Finland, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia (Latvia and Estonia), and Sweden. Apart from American made brands be in the market such as Popov, Gordon, etc. there was the emergence of new American made vodka brands in the past some(prenominal) year such as Skyy, a lovely San Francisco spirit, the newly arrived Teton Glacier, unparalleled vodka made in Idaho, etc (Dep artment of Liquor Control, 2009).In 2007, there were seven leading vodka brand in the U.S. market including Smirnoff, Absolut, grayish pussy, Skyy, Stolichnaya, Ketel One, and Svedka respectively as shown in Exhibit 3. These brands are made in different countries. However, the American made brand like Smirnoff was ranked the number one U.S. market share in 2007, followed by Absolut Vokda. A brief indite of five leading brands that were Absoluts competitors and their campaigns in 2007 get out be discussed in following session.4.1 SmirnoffSmirnoff is the 1 selling vodka in the U.S and the world. It had a 17.2% share in 2007. It is originally produced in Russia, the recipe effectuate its way to America in the early 1900s. Smirnoff is one of alcohol brands of Diageo (Dee-AH-Gee-O), the worlds leading premium drinks business with an nifty collection of beverage alcohol brands across spirits, wines, and beer categories. These brands include Johnnie Walker, Guinness, Smirnoff, JB, B aileys, Cuervo, Tanqueray, Captain Morgan, Crown Royal, Beaulieu Vineyard and Sterling Vineyards wines.In November, 2006, Smirnoff renewed its alliance with James Bond in the film Casino Royale. The alliance involved a multi- meg dollar media campaign, which was activated in the U.S. and around the world. The campaign include a fan out advertising campaign on- and off-premise promotions and sweepstakes a global public relations campaign and a fully interactive Casino Royale microsite (Zydel, 2006).Smirnoff had the decision partnership with Bond in 1962s Dr. No. In a scene when the villain detention Sean Connery a Martini, shaken not stirred made with Smirnoff Vodka. This monumental moment in film made some impact on the way martini drinkers made their cocktails, shifting from the traditional gin to a vodka-establish drink and popularizing the vodka martini the world over (2006). Exhibit 5 shows a cross-promotional ad for James Bond Casino Royale and Smirnoff Vodka and some scenes in James Bonds movie in 1962s.In August, 2007, Smirnoff launched its largest ever marketing campaign (5M) which was named Sea to aid the brand. It centers around a 60-second commercial created by JWT, which premiered on 17 August 2007 in showings of The Bourne Ultimatum at bringed cinemas across the get together Kingdom. There were various tie-ins launched, including the Smirnoff Purifier, an online game, point of sale Smirnoff purity kits, and a tour of a custom-built Smirnoff Purification Installation used to make drinkable samples of water taken from saline or otherwise undrinkable water at selected sites (Sea Advertisement, 2010).4.2 Grey zanyGrey Goose was merchandise to the United States by the Sidney Frank Importing Company which is located in New Rochelle New York. In 1997, the brand became field prominence when it was awarded substantially for its quality in the U.S. In 2004, Sidney Frank then sold the compensate of manufacturing to Bacardi. Grey Goose was the first prominent French vodka but has seen some competition from Nuage, Ciroc and Idol which are now on the market. Each of these vodka brands are premium brands sold in North America (Grey Goose Vodka, 2007). In 2007, it held a 6.3% share of the U.S. food market.In 2007, claiming itself to be the introductions Best Tasting Vodka, Grey Goose launched its new Discerning Taste advertising campaign which was produced by New York-based radical.media. The campaign was the brands first major advertising effort since its acquisition by Bacardi Limited in 2004. It consisted of four different print advertisements and three broadcast spots. Creative elements of the campaign capture particular moments, people, places, and incidents in the lives of Grey Goose consumers revealing their unyielding lifestyle of discerning taste. The theme of the advertising platform supports the brands commitment to represent more than just a spirit, but a luxurious lifestyle brand. The print composites reveals the b ack stories of Grey Goose drinkers by portraying images ranging from con ply golf to a spontaneous late night dinner with friends. These snapshot moments suggest that a Grey Goose drinkers inherent eye for detail leads them to seek refined subtleties in more than just their vodka but in all aspects of life (Grey Goose Vodka 2007 Advertising Campaign, 2007).The advertising campaign commenced in conjunction with the U.S. collapse Tennis Championships in which Grey Goose was the Proud Promotional Partner of the tournament. The advertisements surrounded broadcast coverage on the the States Network and appeared on bottom outlets such as the Golf Channel, ESPN, and HD Networks and in print outlets such as BlackBook, Departures, GQ, Golf Digest, Travel + Leisure, Vanity Fair and Wine Spectator (Grey Goose Vodka 2007 Advertising Campaign, 2007).4.3 SKYYSKYY is one of the fastest growing spirits globally and the leading domestic super premium vodka in the United States (Baker Hearn, 200 5). The brand was launched in 1992 by Skyy spirit up, LLC who is the US-based wholly owned subsidiary of Gruppo Campari (Milan CPR.MI) and the definitive marketer and distributer of super-premium and luxury spirits brands in North America. It had 4.6% U.S. share. Skyy vodkas highest quality and ultimate smoothness are perceived by consumers due to the state-of-the-art process of quadruple di cool itation and triple filtration (2005). According to the good design of its distinctive cobalt blue bottle and award-winning marketing communications, SKYY is synonymous with quality, sophistry, and style (2005).SKYY Vodka let the worlds most established and controversial photographers interpret the brands sexy image in bold and daring fashion (Press Release Skyy Spirits Unveils Sexiest Ad Campaign in Skyy Vodka chronicle, 2010). In 2007, SKYY looked to acclaimed photographer and independent filmmaker David LaChapelle to shoot the powerful, tantalizing images that captured the heart o f cocktail glamour and the jet set lifestyle which would constitute its third campaign. The national campaign was named Cocktail Moments and was available for national outdoor, print, and online. Exhibit 6 shows some ads for this campaign. The creative was launched outdoors beginning January 2007 in LA, Chicago, Miami and San Francisco (2010). Magazine insertions start in February of 2007 in men and womens entertainment and lifestyle publications, including ESPN, InStyle, US Weekly and People, as well as on www.SKYY.com. The ads also ran as banner ads on selected websites including ESPN.com, Evite.com, and Gay.com, starting in mid-February. Due to its bold, sexy imagery, SKYYs ads have catch collectible pieces of artwork (2010).4.4 StolichnayaStolichnaya has its origins in the Moscow State Wine Warehouse No. 1 which was opened in 1901 by the authorities to ensure higher quality vodka production (Stolichnaya, 2010). It was the first vodka to be introduced and imported into the USA, in 1972. Stolichnaya was at this time a good choice to the USA-produced vodka brands as it tasted milder due to a more refined distilling process (2010). However, Stolichnayas popularity has been dependent on the political climate betwixt the U.S. and the former USSR.In 2005, Stolichnaya was included in the Pernod Ricard portfolio. Pierre Pringuet, Managing Director of Pernod Ricard said We needed a major vodka to boost and balance our product range. Stolichnaya signalled our first step in the vodka market and we are proud of our achievements in developing this fine brand. just with ABSOLUT, we have now made a giant leap forward (Pernod Ricard, 2008). Since 2005, sales of Stolichnaya grew up from 2.1 million to 3.4 million cases and it had a 4.2% share. In 2007, the brand received several awards including Best New Product in the U.S. and Best New Event in the UK. Additionally, its benchmark Ultra Premium Stolichnaya Elit also got the highest rating by the U.S. Beverage Tasting In stitute (2008).While renovating the brand, Pernod Ricard launched a new advertising campaign for the Stoli family in order to remind consumers to Choose Authenticity on April 9, 2007 (Pernod Ricard USA, LLC., 2007). Exhibit 7 presents ads of this campaign. The campaign debuted in leading U.S. magazines as In Style, Rolling Stone, and GQ in May, 2007. The new campaign was in a visual style and based on a Russian artistic movement called constructivism, that celebrated the strong industrial structures of the early twentieth century when there was the creation of Stolichnaya (2007). The campaign depicted positive Russian icons in a proud tone and humorous way. One of the first ad executions headlines was The Mother of all Vodkas, from the Motherland of Vodka.The new campaign was developed harmonise to two findings of research that first, that the remarkable history of Stoli hadnt been fully told and second, that authenticity was a unfavourable consideration in the purchasing decision s of sophisticated, young adult consumers at that time (2007).Patrick Piana, Senior Vice President, Marketing, Pernod Ricard USA said Pernod Ricard has consistently demonstrated its ability to drive brands to achieve their potential, and we are confident that this new Stolichnaya campaign will resonate with the brands core consumers and build on our overall track record of success(2007). However, after the buy of Absolut was completed, Pernod Ricard ended its agreement with Stoli. William Grant Sons USA signed an agreement to distribute Stolichnaya in the U.S. in 2009.5. Consumer carriageThe comprehensive analysis of vodka by the Beverage breeding Group and research by Simmons Market search Bureau reveal consumer behavior of vodka as followsVodka is unlike any other spirit category. The proportion between male vodka consumers and female consumers are fairly equal. Furthermore, it is consumed by all adult age groups (Simmons Market enquiry Bureau, 2007).Due to universal appeal of vodka coupled with its versatility as a mixer and the cachet high end products, it has continued to attract adult consumers (Beverage Information Group, 2008).Females favor flavored vodkas while males take the lead among several brands-Absolut Kurant, Stoli Citros, Stoli Ohranj and Stoli Cranberi (Simmons Market Research Bureau, 2007).According to Simmons (2007), the older the brand the older the consumer. Stolichnaya drinkers tend to be older than Absolut drinkers. Also, Absolut drinkers tend to be slightly older than Grey Goose consumers. Belvedere scores highest in the 21-to-24 age group among nonflavoured vodkas.Younger adult consumers tend to be attracted by somewhat sweet flavors-vanilla and raspberry. Whereas older consumers prefer authoritative cocktails that are savory in nature (Beverage Information Group, 2008).All vodka consumers are moving toward a healthy lifestyle and a greener planet. (Beverage Information Group, 2008). It was found that several marketers are i ncorporating natural and green elements in their products. This is a trend that is expected to continue (Beverage Information Group, 2008)..Limited edition products that benefit local causes such as Absolut New Orleans and Absolut Los Angeles are some other trend that is expected to gain a following (Beverage Information Group, 2008)..Overall, consumers are moving away from sweet cocktails into the savory area. This may not bode well for several flavored vodkas (Beverage Information Group, 2008).Review of publications about vodka brands uncovers that there are some significant factors that enhance customer decision making process when buying vodka as followsLuxury By definition, vodka is a clear, tasteless, odourless liquid-meaning that a canonical level of quality distilling yields vodka on par with any other. Yet through clever ads and higher pricing, Absolut vodka became the premium vodka over Smirnoff in the 1980s. Then, i n the 1990s, Sidney Frank consciously decided to intr oduce Grey Goose vodka, which costs 50 percent more than Absolut, with reasoning that people would pay more for a brand they saw as more exclusive, just as they did with Absolut over Smirnoff. Since vodka is one of premium alcoholic drinks, it is considered a kind of luxury items (Rothbaum, 2009).Flavors Several companies keep introducing more varieties for customers to choose from, this strategy has proven to be sooner successful. Also, the U.S. is the worlds biggest market for flavored vodka and a new flavour can drive sales. For example, in the summer of 2007, Finlandia introduced grapefruit flavored vodka. The vodkas popularity has been so great that it has increased the brands overall sales of flavored vodkas by almost 10% (2009). Thus, there are still room for competition in the vodka category. Store shelves are now packed with new flavours and brand extensions from many well-established brands (2009).Price Setting an inviting price to attract consumers seems to be successfu l for some brand vodkas like Smirnoff. For example, Smirnoff affix a 4.0% gain in 2008 and making it the top-selling spirit in the U.S., leveraging its rainbow of flavors as well as its inviting price (2009). This pricing strategy must be employed carefully for luxury goods like vodka, since consumers still perceive that Vodka should not be cheap. It is not a product of first necessity. Even though higher-priced brands are seeing slower growth, consumers are still spending a lot of money to purchase these prestigious brands.Reference Group Vodka consumers use reference groups such as co-workers, friends, and family as a guide to select a brand, since vodka is a product that can be shared in social occasions and consumers tend to please all of those groups when they gather. Thus, group situations constitute their purchase decisions.Packaging Packaging has always played an strategic role in developing brand image, and the vodka industry is not exceptional. According to Adam Rosen, the brand motorcoach of Wyborowa Vodka, the vodka industry is much more image conscious than other liquors (Labbrand Consulting Co., Ltd., 2009). In addition to ingredients and taste, packing is another factor influencing vodka drinkers buying decision- the vodka they choose should make a statement to others. Thus, the bottle design should display sophistication and class. For example, Svedkas new bottle reflects their cheap chic positioning, allowing consumers to purchase a premium vodka at a private-enterprise(a) price (2009). This should appeal to hip night life lovers, but not older customers accustomed to having a casual drink at home. It was found that the older sense of hearing will appreciate a definitive bottle design that looks nice in their alcohol cabinet (2009). As Svedka hasnt redesigned their bottle for over 10 years, the repeat customers likely have a strong connection to the old brand image (2009). In short, packing can influence decisions made through construct ive process at the time of purchase.6. History of Brand AdvertisingAbsolut Vodka has become famous primary(prenominal)ly due to its advertising campaigns. The shape of the bottle of Absolut vodka is very unique and is emphasized in all their advertisements. For about 25 years, the focus on the product has been the main theme in advertisements for Absolut Vodka. They ran campaigns of humor featuring their unique bottle. It is the unique advertising campaigns that have made Absolut a popular brand going up to the heights of Coke and Nike.In 1981 they started the Absolut ________ campaign. Absolut Perfection which was created in 1981 was the first advertisement and it is still popular today. They had clever concepts like Absolut L.A. which showed a swimming pool shaped like a bottle or Absolut Warhol which showed the painting of a bottle by the artist. One of their popular ads is the Absolut London, which shows the door of 10 Downing Street resembling an Absolut bottle. In a 1988 feat ure of a playboy magazine they showed a bottle like a model and this ad was called Absolut Centerfold. Then there were issues Absolut Disco (2007) related to dance music in 2008 Absolut Masquerade under the theme Every night is a masquerade and in 2009 the Absolut fluctuate Edition as a tribute to rock and roll. They wanted to end this campaign in 1997 with the launch of an offbeat bottle campaign on April fools day and it was very popular. But it took 9 more years to come up with a different campaign due to its limited advertising budget. The Absolut ____ campaign enabled the brand to become the best-selling imported vodka in the United States as sales rose from 20,000 cases in 1981 to almost 5 million in 2007.In January 2006 they started a campaign called The Absolut Vodka which had a theme on the pun between the brand name and the word absolute. This multimedia campaign demonstrates the headship of Absolut Vodka as The Absolut Vodka and observes other classics that are absolutes in our culture. This campaign is an evolution of the brands iconic, 25-year-old advertising and one that underscores the brands marketing ingenuity and continuous creativity. This campaign was broadcasted on picture in the United States. The campaign also featured online and print executions. The new execution was built on the brands existing campaigns. The broadcast depicts a collage of absolute moments and icons that bases modern culture. Pictures include The Absolut Morale Booster (Marilyn Monroe interpret for U.S. troops) and The Absolut Road Trip (first manned trip to the moon). The print advertisement features an Absolut Vodka bottle levitating over a color-block confuse with copy that reads The Absolut Vodka the image connotes an exclamation point. The print ad shows the genuinity of Absolut Vodka and conveys only one message that Absolut is The Absolut Vodka.The Absolut Vodka campaign targeted a new and increasing group of vodka drinkers in the United States. The broadc ast is very interactive and is aimed at capturing in-the-know customers. The Absolut Vodka campaign was created by TBWA/Chiat/Day, the advertising agency of record for Absolut VODKA.7. The In an Absolut humans CampaignIn 2007, Absolut Vodka began its In An Absolut world campaign in which the company posted various, often fanciful scenarios of what the target audience might mobilise would constitute a perfect, or Absolut, reality. The campaign was handled by TBWA/Chiat/Day, part of the TBWA Worldwide division of the Omnicom Group.The In An Absolut World would elicit varying opinions and points of view of customers. It is designed to be an inspiring, humorous, and thought-provoking integrated campaign about what an Absolut World might look like and to initiate a discussion about both universal and frequent subjects, as well as to challenge consumers to express their own visions of the world. Its advertising campaign invites consumers to visualize a world that appeals to them one they feel may be more idealized or one that may be a bit fantastic.The campaign includes commercials and video clips as well as online ads, print ads, billboards and event marketing. Drinkers were invited to imbibe In An Absolut World, a fanciful, even surreal, place where common sense prevails and just deserts are always on the menu. For example, on planet Absolut, men can get pregnant, and lying leaders are exposed by their Pinocchio noses.In fact, Absolut was confronting the same problems as other market-leading brands in that everybody knows who they are, but what are they cognise for? Thus, The goal is to encourage a dialogue between customers and the brand. The ads proclaim, This is Absoluts view of the world you respond, you react. Absolut ads aimed at minority consumers will also begin to feature the Absolut World theme.7.1 Probable Marketing ObjectivesSince from 2003 to 2007 over 240 new brands of vodka came and many companies started focal point on the ultra-premium cate gory, the marketing objectives of the In an Absolut World include robusting sales growth and re-establishing and re-cementing the Absoluts position in the vodka category in an extremely competitive environment.7.2 Probable Communication/ Advertising ObjectivesThe main communication of the In an Absolut World campaign is to allow the customers with an opportunity to interact, get involved and associated with the brand, since its customer survey found that the previous one never provided the opportunities for customers to interact and get involved with the brand. Furthermore, the campaign aimed at depicting that Absolut Vodka has a class of its own or a world of its own implicating that it is different and better than other brands. The idea is that Absolut Vodka is the quintessential vodka, the square(a) vodka, and the standard by which you judge other things.7.3 Target MarketThe target audience is 23 34 year urbanites.7.4 Positioning StatementTo inform urbanites that Absolut Vodka is the quintessential vodka, the true vodka, the standard by which consumers judge other Vodkas.7.5 Creative StrategyThe In an Absolut World advertising campaign requires that consumers imagine a world that appeals to them, something like a perfect world or a fantastic world, thus bringing about different opinions and points of view. Also it needs to these ads in countries worldwide with varying themes relevant to their region.7.6 Creative ExecutionTo achieve the creative strategy, they decided not only to show what an ABSOLUT WORLD looks like, but also to give consumers the chance to experience it in their daily lives. The idea was to publish the perfect newspaper and distribute it for free, with real editorial guinea pig that was entirely positive and interesting to read. Another idea was to perfect a taxi ride by supplying a fleet of free-of-charge Porsche taxis. The next idea was to make a unique experience at the nearest ATM cash machine by introducing the Happy Hour.7.7 Medi a StrategyThe campaign would be put in print ads, billboards, TV commercials, video clips as well as online ads (at absolut.com), and event marketing. Absolut turned its website into an online friendship where visitors can share and discuss their visions of an Absolut World, create and upload images, films, worlds, and sounds, create personal profiles browse, comment, and develop the visions of others.8. Evaluation of the In an Absolut WorldThe campaign uses a combination of approaches in the major selling idea between creating a brand image, positioning and inherent drama. Absolut developed its strong, memorable identity through image advertising and positioned itself as the quintessential vodka in the consumers mind.The creative approach used in the campaign is appropriate for the target audience who is 25 34 year urbanites. The message can delivered to the target audience and executed in a combination of imagery and humor. For example, one of the ads shows an expectant couple a nd the husband is pregnant. Additionally, even though Absolut came up with many ads with different pictures, those ads were able to convey the message to the target audience effectively by using validating headlines In an Absolut World as creative tactics for printing ads and TV commercials. Also, the message is short, clear, novel, and creative as well as provokes their thoughts.Most of the ads in the campaign use emotional appeal to attract the target audience while others create excitement and provoke thoughts. The ads and some TV commercials try to communicate with the target audience that people wish to see the world in a different manner according what an Absolut World means to them or their perceptions. For example, a TV commercial portrays a higher form of interlocking resolution when protestors and police do a pillow war.In addition to creating the brand awareness, the campaign tried to break through the clutter by using both traditional and non-traditional advertising. T he campaign has been put in a variety of media and on its Web site. The campaign also achieved one of the communication objectives of the brand is to provide the customers with an opportunity to interact, get involved and associated with the brand. By making the Web site more interactive for customers, Absolut creates a dialogue between the brand and customers and other visitors. Also, Absolut can get their data when those visitors and its customers create personal profile which can be used to develop marketing communications strategy in the future. Moreover, Absolut.com has become an online company where customers and visitors can disc

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Community Based Tourism Tourism Essay

The Advant ripens And Disadvantages Of familiarity Based touristry Tourism canvasThe information contained within this illumeerature provides a complete analysis of The Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Sector. It clearly eruptlines the grandness of tvirtuoso do deli rattling, the differences amongst utility in the cordial reception industry and expediency in different occupancy, community based touristry, the advantages and disadvantages of community based touristry, diversification of Jamaica through community based tourism and the set up of technology on the tourism industry.The Travel Tourism and Hospitality SectorDefinition of key scatheWhat is hospitality?Dictionary.com, 2012.Hospitality is the fri supplantly and generous reception and entertainment of knobs, berateors or strangers.What is confederation Based Tourism?Responsible turn onling.com, 2012 asserts, Community Based Tourism is tourism in which members of a community, topical anesthetic residents (o ften rural, poor and economic wholly in ally marginalized) invite tourists to shout their community with the provision of overnight adaptions.Pearson Education 2010 online, Community managed and featureed sustainable tourism that aims to sh be local ways of life and the communitys natural and heathen resources with visitors.What is an advantage?Farlex, The Free Dictionary, 2012, An advantage is a beneficial promoter or combination of factors.What is a disadvantage?Farlex, The Free Dictionary, 2012, A disadvantage is an unfavourable condition or circumstance.What is serve?Farlex, The Free Dictionary, 2012, Service is work d angiotensin-converting enzyme for separates as an occupation or affair.The Importance of lineament Service Delivery in the Hospitality Industry.As tourism plays a major role in the economic development of most countries, it is imperative that impeccable work argon provided at any pr champion luck. A guest or visitor of necessity to feel welcomed and ap preciated to the point where by the end of their trip they have begun planning their return. The industry is excessively extremely competitive i.e. a mint of products and services offered are similar hence from the customer service perspective providing excellent service is the best natural selection for astonishting ahead of the competition. A five lede hotel may possess the luxurious furniture, the spas, the sporting facilities and all the trimmings that go along with it notwithstanding because the verbal and somatogenetic delivery is lacking in record and respectfulness, a guest would be get outing to settle for the lesser amenities of a three star hotel in which they are make to feel welcome and appreciated as well as treat with the respect they deserve. Providing the service is one thing, however, the method of delivery is a nonher. People tend to pick up on body language, gesticulation as well as facial expression through careful observation. It is best when providi ng quality hospitality services in the tourism industry to do so with a literal and true(p) disposition, any(prenominal)thing less go away seem as a faade and is unacceptable.Service in the hospitality and tourism sector is delivered in mostly on a one on one, verbal and or physical manner. This exposes the visitor or guest and the service provider to a range of differences in one or the other which the service provider must handle in a professional manner irrespective of his or her personal preferences to secure the longevity and integrity of the clientele. These differences may include except are non limited to one or to a greater extent of the pursuit Religion (Christianity versus Atheism, Islam, Buddhism and so forth), Language which causes a barrier (English versus Spanish, French, Japanese, Chinese etc.), preferences in entertainment (an erstwhile(a)er crowd who is more conservative versus a younger crowd who is more into the party scene), race and cultures (African Am erican and black versus Caucasian), Cuisine and dietary preferences (Asian versus Italian). These differences must be treated with genuine respect rather than disdain as it pass on undoubtedly create an instant rift between the parties involved and subsequently result in a decline in the return rate of visitors and contact the arrival of tonic comers. This occurs due to the fact that a bad experience is never forgotten and lead most definitely be shared with others to warn them of the possibility of being treated in a similar manner and as individuals tend to believe what is advertised to them by a k straightaway acquaintance whether it be friend or family, the end result will mean less business being operated, loss of profit, loss of jobs and subsequently loss of the entire industry. It is widely accepted within the hospitality and customer service industry that a customers good experience will be shared with only a fewer close friends and family while a bad experience will be told to everyone willing to listen. This is proven on a daily basis on websites such as Trip Advisor and it has such far-reaching establish that most progressive companies in the sector have their marketing or public relations teams search the internet to respond to all concerns raised and to ensure their reputation bear ons untarnished.The Difference between Service Delivery in Hospitality and former(a) Businesses.Regardless of industry every business relies on hospitality and customer service to not only retain its current customer base but to also increase it through customer loyalty and positive word of mouth advertisement. Failing to fulfill the fates of a customer through effective and admirable customer service methods is the reason a lot of businesses are failing as their employees are some sentences lacking in the appropriate training, experience and attention required to ensure a satisfactory and memorable experience for the client. There are however differences i n the service delivery, in the hospitality industry the service being delivered is geared towards the visitors/tourists and ofttimes emphasis is determined on the level of training it requires in order to perfect the necessary skills it concerns to get the job done. collectable to the fact that the Hospitality industry in Multi- culture there must be a reliable level of appreciation for the vast amount culture and cultural diversity, meal preparation, entertainment, dress and rituals of Tourists. The importance of service delivery is stressed more so in the hospitality industry because of the diversity of the consumers and their varying cultural backgrounds. The services must be delivered perfectly to each and every customer in ordered for the guest to have an unmatched experience which will guarantee excellent reviews, return customers, new business opportunities and the selection of the industry which is the fuel of our economy.. The hospitality industry survives due to prom pt convenient service which is survey for funds. In other business the service is mostly geared towards locals (Mono- cultural), who are already a part of the quick community and are familiar with the business. Though some level of customer service is involved it is not as demanding of the service provider to be as vigilant in ensuring that staff provides the best service possible at all times. This is mainly as a result of there being fewer options. For example a Kentucky Fried Chicken (K.F.C) being operated in the down town Montego Bay area, the customer service is extremely lacking however customers return because the location is convenient and they do need to eat, but for no other reason. Some customers do divert their business elsewhere to either Pizza shack or Is shore up Grill but return after a while because these other entities do not provide what it is they really want. In the hospitality industry it is not the same, there are endless options and if one location fails them, they either find another location within the same plain or proceed to another uncouth. This now means a loss of business not only for that establishment but also for the country as a whole.The advantages and Disadvantages of Community Based TourismCommunity tourism has two its supporters and its detractors as does every other type of business venture. Both sides bring across very all grave(predicate) concerns which can prove to be either helpful or harmful to the environment based on the implementation methods utilize and the scale of operations.AdvantagesSupporters will posit that community based tourism is beneficial and important in that it, transfers decision making to a community level, provides employment, infra morphological development (roads, water, electricity, telecommunications, internet, etc.), superstructure development (buildings and structures covering area),cultural preservation, foreign modify and development of health care facilities.DisadvantagesDet ractors on the other hand will advance that there will be cultural destruction, environmental destruction, the host country fails to benefit as government is unable to separate taxes, marginal employment, dispirited benefits, development of illegal and/ or destructive economical activities, seasonal employment, unrealistic expectations, anti-democratic collusion, land controlled by the elite, negative lifestyles as well as diverted and concentrated development.The implications of the pros and cons of Community Based Tourism on the country as a Whole.The effects of the advantages of community based tourism on the country as a whole may prove to be widely beneficial to the economy, wherein the unemployment rate is greatly reduced because as more people become exposed and educated the higher percentage will endeavor to become involved. Communities which were considered marginally poor become developed and are more appealing to visitors and other locals alike, its pushes the use and e xchange of foreign currency which boosts the economy giving the local dollar more value but most importantly it educates as locals are introduced to varying cultures and are forced to learn their own history, and culture as well as that of the visitors in order to communicate effectively.That is a limitless opportunity as visitors have varying backgrounds and orientations. Locals make valiant efforts to learn their languages as well as cuisine, religion, preferences in entertainment, day to day living and rituals. This in its entirety equates to a more tourist friendly, economically stable, market aware destination which is more appealing to visitors.The result of the disadvantages of community based tourism on the country as a whole also brings to light some valid points which must be handled with much consideration in mind as it relates to the long term repercussions. The loss of culture as it pertains to age old rituals, language, art, dance, food, religion etc., through moderniz ation, the destruction of natural habitats as a result of infrastructural and super structural changes by building roads and architecture, employment would become limited to members of the community and result in outsourcing whereas businesses would stress to employ the more educated, the question of job security arises, negative changes in the lifestyle would come most where unscrupulous characters engage in the good deal of illegal drugs and endangered and exotic wildlife, drug abuse, prostitution, fraudulent practices and new found get rich quick schemes come into existence and causes young people to divert from work and higher education. Compile all these issues and it would result in a lack of order, an upsurge of crime and effect and finally the consequential loss of previous business with a significant decline in any interest from new customers or the hope of creating new opportunities.Diversifying the Jamaican Tourism Product Through Community Based Tourism.Communities must go through a process of empowerment and development before tourism becomes the focal point.The first area of focus is to build a sustainable wealth creating community with form productive activities. These activities would create economic and social benefits for its members through employment and financial stability. After this has taken root, tourism can be introduced to communities, to create even greater wealth, and this will ultimately diversify the jamaican tourism product.There are many resources which may be enhanced and marketed to give Jamaica a more various(a) and competitive margin over other tourist destinations. These include culture, heritage, Cuisine, natural flora and fauna, landscapes and human resources. It is know world wide that Jamaica is very different from other countries even those located in the same region. In order for Jamaica to diversify and maintain a competitive advantage in the hospitality industry we need to capitalize on these opportunities a nd the best way to go is from a community level as every community possesses a different amenity which makes it unique. There are quite a number of these locations in jamaica such as Maroon Town, Outameni Experience ,Croydon Plantation,Accompong, The Bob Marley Museum, outdoor activities i.e ( one dollar bill back riding, dune buggies, canopy tours, zipline tours, ect ), the wonderful blue naps and Cockpit Country ,rafting on the Martha Brae river and health spas such as Bath cat valium Hotel and Spa in St. Thomas and Milk River Bath in Clarendon.The jamaican culture and heritage are unalike any other anywhere on earth, it is essential to get jamaicans more educated in culture and heritage as a means of being able to extend the offering of a richer quality cultural and heritage experience to adventure seekers who run to our destination. A high percentage of pilgrimageers are more than interested to learn our language, dance, music and cuisine in their purest forms, however not many get the full on experience as there is a lack of manpower in these areas. a lot more use can be do of the abundance land, sunlight and water to aid in the development of Jamaicas tourism product in the area of agricultural tourism. The Blue Mountains are currently utilize as a source of adventure tourism and farming ground for the infamous Blue Mountain Coffee, should this be expanded into the Cockpit Country and other products introduced it would become a more wide scale operation, in that, it would create more employment, attract more visitors and there would be a greater demand for those areas as tourists would seek to discover whatever new adventures there are. Another avenue that could be enhanced in order to create a greater demand of Jamaica as a tourist destination is our ancillary services in terms of transportation (comfort and luxury of vehicles and condition of roadways), banking ( the exchange rate), accommodations (the quality and value for money they receive by staying in hotels),upgrading the equipment in hospitals in order to have better healthcare facilities and save enhanced medical services to both locals and tourists, providing travel insurance at competitive rates and so forth. Should the quality of these services be improved then it would give Jamaica a more competitive edge in the tourism market.The impacts of Technology on the Tourism Industry.Technology and Transportation.Tourism is quite as old as time itself, from the earliest days when man would travel for long distances on foot, until the evolution of tools of trade and man themselves gave birth to new technological inventions that made travelling gradually easier to the point where what used to take months has been shaved down to mere hours, a day or two being the maximum for travel to the lesser percentage of destinations. Throughout the ages traveling has been developing more and more with each generation. It all began with traveling by foot however man soon learned to domesticate animals such as mammoths, horses, donkeys, elephants, camels etc. Ever inventive man created the wheel around 3500 BC, then came the joining of the wheel and some animals to form, horse drawn carriages, chariots and wagons, which made travel easier and faster than foot but nothing close to what was coming succeeding(prenominal). Boats were the next mode of travel and the earliest type was the dug out canoe where a fire was lit on a log then put out and the burnt part was dug out leaving a hallow space for passengers. As with time they too evolved into ships which were large wooden structures make to travel long distances across oceans and seas and then there were mainly two types, the sail and the later invented travel engine, the powerful and fast railway was next to be developed in the 19th century, closely following was the invention of the first cars which were made in 1865 and 1866 respectively by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, however cars only became more ballpark in the 1960s and 1970s after the first and second world wars as there was mound production companies which made them cheaper. The largest, most used, talked, about and technologically advanced type of travel began in the twentieth century, December 17th 1903 to be exact, with the flight of the Wright brothers. This spearheaded the aviation standards which eventually led to the building of larger more elaborate types of aircrafts such as Zeppelins, blimps, Boeing 700 series airplanes as well as other makes and models, the air balloon, jets, rockets and other spacecraft.It is clear that technological development has greatly impacted travel and tourism in the field of travel as without these developments the industry would exist but the rate of turn over would be extremely low and tiresome. Travelers, regardless of net worth would be discouraged as the amount of time it took to get from one place to the next would be so great it would seem a burden and more than probably o nly destinations that are relatively close to the country of origin would be visited, causing it to become congested, clamant and eventually boring and uninteresting. Thanks to the inventors and founding fathers of the different types transport, traveling has been made easy and allows for people to travel in large groups in comfort over immense distances within a tolerable time frame. This helps to increase the revenue of the economy for destinations travelled to.Technology in Research and Communication.Before anyone thought of how do I get there?They first asked, Where do I go? In order for one to have gotten an answer to this question he or she spent long periods of time mulling over all sorts of printed media ranging from, newspaper articles,maps,magazines and the like firstly to find a destination, then to garner as much association about the place before deciding to embark on the journey. This was a rather tedious task, very time consuming and exasperating and this combinatio n proved to be a natural deterrent. This was not to remain so as a slew of inventors starting with Konrad Muse and his freely programmable Z1 computer in 1936 began the invention of the computer. It continued with John Anatasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942, Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper in 1944, amongst many others up until 1985 when Microsoft windows became known globally and still is the world leader in computers and computer software. A computer by itself was vindicatory another machine. It was the invention of the internet that revolutionized the use of the computer as a means of communication, research and advertisement.According to the Internet, unlike the light bulb and telephone the internet didnt have any one inventor. Over fifty old age ago lt got its start in the United States of America as a weapon In the frigidity War and for years scientists and researchers used it to communicate and share data with each other. This technological advancement has made traveling and th e tourism industry significantly more developed as it makes life easier for the client and business alike. Instead of spending extended periods of time to get all the necessary information required to travel, everything is now readily available at your fingertips. It has significantly minimized the amount of time its takes for booking travel and accommodation as it offers the option of immediate pricing and confirmation as opposed to waiting for a travel agent which could take hours or even days, encourages the use of credit cards as opposed to having to visit a bank to withdraw cash, allows for simultaneous and immediate response in terms of emails and the instant messaging rather than writing letters or sending telegrams. Technology enables tourists to communicate with their family members back home via television system chat, instant messaging and emails. Not only has technology benefitted tourists, it has also affected the way in which business is conducted in todays tourism i ndustry, stakeholders utilize this medium for marketing themselves and their respective companies as well as to communicate with clients before the actual service delivery, communicate with employees and with other business owners as an avenue to conduct business meetings online through video conferencing which has proven to reduce the cost of traveling. Another technological advancement which has greatly affected the growth of the tourism industry is the telephone, an electronic device invented by Mr. Alexander Graham Bell. This device in not only beneficial for tourists for communication with family and friends but also for the tourism industry as it is a means of instant communication between the directors, shareholders and employees within organizations as well as other entities outback(a) the tourism industry which are crucial to the operation of the business. Without both the computer and telephone, communication would be slow and it would cause decision making to be a much d elayed process which affects the industry negatively. Other technological advancements which have greatly affected tourism and the tourism industry are the simple machines (lever, pulley, nonplus and incline plane etc.) which have been integrated into the design of countless machines used in the building oh hotels to suffer tourist, roads to travel on, water filtration and plumbing for safe hydration, cooking and bathing purposes, installation of electricity used for lighting and the operation of machines and other electronic devices and in the design of all modes of transportation( ships, airplanes motor vehicles etc.). Without all of these, merely put the tourism industry would not be what it is today and with consistent and continuous modifications being made there is no doubt that in years to come the industry will become a more immense operation.ConclusionIn conclusion the options must carefully be weighed and careful and dependant upon(p) planning has to take place before any advertisement or production can manifest. This will allow for smooth and fool proof execution of procedures, hence, the guest/ visitor can have extraordinary and remarkable experiences, the community capitalizes on the opportunities afforded and the country as a whole and its economy can flourish.

Language And Communication Development

Language And parley DevelopmentInitially, this taste illustrates the importance of merriment by describing its categories. Play theories be briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and orderrn ones. Thereafter, it mentions the char proceederistics of lyric through the theories of devil highly respected scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation between speech communication and act upon emergence. It to a fault illustrates the existence of golf club basic conference skills and why non-verbal and verbal parley is so important. Moreover, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between foregather, address and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of trifle is salient in a pincers break upment is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme count to explain that even the most common games possess a momentous role in quarrel and communication ontogenesis. Last but non least, it analyzes how take reinforces the literacy festering and finally demonstrates the opinion of the writer.The Importance of PlayArguably, play is a alert part of childrens development which has many another(prenominal) implications in their lives. despite the difficulty of referring to a commonly accepted definition, play is a alert part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens lives and is divided into two categories, promiscuous play and integrated play. To be exact, supernumerary play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the amour and the engagement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000).Moreover, many researchers seduce claimed that free play offers more than educational opportunities to children. Whereas incorporated play is defined as an action which is directed by adu lts and limits childrens learning potentials. Adults be protagonists and possess a primary role in this type of play. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles prove by a national they conducted, that free play, in some some other words playful mode play, is capable of fostering childrens baron to learn. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, beca intake playfulness creates the ability to enhance versatile types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use the playful method to foster childrens speech communication and communication development (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009).It is of importance to mention that there argon play theories which are uninvolved into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. In particular, classical theories consist of the excessiveness Energy supposition, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are louver types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/ blown-upness play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012).The to a higher place volt types of play help children to expand their abilities non only in the phraseology and communication domain, but as well as in the physical, cognitive, hearty and emotional domain (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain mustiness be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentia ls through play.Language and communicationLanguage is a strong communication tool (Moyles, 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital tool when we face complex situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists have seek to explain, how children hire primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, have given special emphasis to the language and communication development and how it is associate to play. They have evaluated childrens development from birth to adulthood.Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), claimed in his kind constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are inter associate (Moyles, 2005). Due to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in accessible communication and consequently, they adopt new meanings. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which means that e actually child has limited potential when accomplishing an natural process but he can expand his skills with suitable help (Lindon, 2001).However, a nonher(prenominal) respected scientist Piaget did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to state some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex situations such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not press childrens abilities instea d he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competence (Whitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists argue that childrens thought, starts to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult for children to assimilate, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the to a higher place notion by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012).On the movement that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other words there are nine basic communication skills.Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and despise offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to make a handing over from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2002). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient of in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give orders such as wait, stay, come.Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can pass along adequately before adopting language doing and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above aspect describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies elapse non-verbally to let out their needs. Facial expressions, body language, proto-sounds and perception of faceings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999).Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and eventually verbally. Research proves that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond to verba lize language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language (Howard McInnes, forthcoming).Fostering Language and Communication Skills through PlayTo begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are strongly correlated. Specifically, the cardinal children who participated in this research were observed twenty times severally in a free play mode, where the adults had a passive role. The aim of the workplace was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of prototypic words, appointment words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, non deep two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, this research divided play into thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children began to name objects when the conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong kindred with each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that early language development is related to subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment plays a major role in the development of symbolic play. As a result, language is influenced by social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared in subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pr etend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In addition, the fifth language category appeared with plan play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planned play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this paper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play.Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to engage slightly in role play. At the age of four to five childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of verbalise language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarify a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in conventions of their own gender. We can notice that structured materials are better for young children because they do not put l phonys on their ideas while playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for enlighten (Umek Musek, 2001).At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonetic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001, p.61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children use metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss play. They incorporate in or der to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffolding to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that it is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups preferably than in groups with members of their own age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Again, this study shows us that play which is strung-out on materials or situation is correlated with language development.Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing various children demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think of mo re complex situations and they are able to express their ideas with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children with the counting process (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities for children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme awareness helps children to differentiate phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990).Play Fosters LiteracyVygotsky evaluated the role of dissembling play in childrens development and he argued that literacy is compound by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate too l for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007).Furthermore, displace is considered to be a necessary play for children. Research has shown that children can expand their brilliant vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007).In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193).ConclusionsIt is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that it has been proved that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that nominal learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of baronial learning methods by supporting the theory, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove it. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not possessed by the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009).To sum up, imputable to the fact that play has been decreased in school settings, it is salient to picture that play must exist in preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his honest age, above his daily behavior in play it is as thoug h he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007, p.199).

The Method Of Ibs And Conventional System Construction Essay

The Method Of Ibs And Conventional System mental synthesis Essay cranch productivity equation between structural grammatical reflection administrations showing that the way out of trades for each mental synthesis system was highly force back intensive beca practice session it consisted of cardinal major operations, namely the erection of scaffolding and formwork, installation of reverse, casting of cover and dismantling of scaffolding and formwork. On the other hand, the IBS prayd fewer whirl operations. For instance, the cast in situ tunnel form system did not require scaffolding to support the slab while the precast concrete system was pre-assembly in the factory, hence reducing on put labour input.crew coat comparison between structural building systemCrew coat comparison between structural building systems showing that the stodgy building system was signifi lottly different from the IBS. However, no signifi finisht difference was run aground between building sy stems in IBS. Hence, they were grouped into homogeneous subset . on average, IBS unavoidable a crew size of 22 people while the courtly building system required a crew size of 14 people. These crew sizes were further broken down into carpenter, precast panel erector, make form erector, bartender, concrete and crane operator. In term of percentage, the conventional building system require d 7% more than than size of the IBS. this was because the conventional building system required more aspect trades than the IBS.cycle magazine comparison between structural building systemCycle clipping comparison between structural building system show that the squiffy cycle time for completion of structural element of one house, the do construction duration for a project grass be predetermined. This fag be to evaluate the project extension of time submitted by the contractor. In terms of percentage, the conventional building system required 26%more than cast in-situ table form system, 41 % of cast in-situ half tunnel form system 53% of precast concrete2.4 Factor of choosing method of IBS and conventional systemAccording to the Warszawski (1999),that is the factor of comparison between IBS and conventional systemfactorIBSConventional system tone of voiceQuality-controlled and high aesrhetic and products through the process of controlled pre-fabrication and simplified installation.Factory production of pretended fixingss minimizes errors and imperfections, dissolventing in better quality products, better workmanship and superior finishes.An IBS components produces higher(prenominal) quality of components attainable through c arful selection of materials, use of advantages technology and strict quality assurance control.The initial bang-up investment for scope up a permanent factor is relatively experience. Plant, equipment, apt worker, precaution resources need to be acquired before production can be commenced. slight (cannot change the design flexibility as c omponents ordered was fixed in sizes)Materials may manage by semi-skill people.Uncertain weather can result in less-than expected construction.More (design can change flexibility, or can cast in-situ)Speed of construction timeFaster completion of construction projects referable to the usage of standardized prefabricated components and simplified installation processes.An industrialized building system allow for faster construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at the site can occur simultaneously. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thence reducing engagement payment or capital outlays.Generally, all building system requires lesser time to fabricated the building components, which may include time taken to fabricated, erect and dismantle formwork and to cure the concrete.Speed of construction is according to labour productivity and materials delivery to construction site.Time consuming where the process can be delay by weath er or scheduling conflict. tress of in-situ work requires the fixing and casting time, thus it is slow.Cost of constructionThe initial price of constructing the factory, casting beds and support machinery is usually expensive and can only be removed when undertaking bountiful project.The repetitive use of the formwork made up steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings.For large project, the initials capital investment in the building system can be amortized to a large extent, especially when the cost is given a wider spread. Prefabricattion capitalizes on a faster turnover, giving savings on overheads and other operational costs.greater control over manufacturing results dramatically reduces the chance of cost overruns.Need to habituate professional person to in charge.Construction cost increase referable to uncontrollable variables such as weather and scheduling conflict.If suitable materials ar choosing, cost of construction will decrease.Storage and equipment postFor the purpose of erection and assembling precast panels into their position, heavy crane is required especially for multi-storey building. It is and so important to incorporate this additional cost when adopting a prefabrication system.The prefabrication system relies severely on sophisticated plants, which have to be well coordinated and well-kept by skilled operators. Breakdown in any section would hold-up the constitutional production line.A large work area for the factory, tower cranes, trailers and retention space for the precast components are normally required. Most construction sites are congested are quite often unable to provide the large are required.Need to provide a storage for machinery.Bigger space is needed materials storageLesser large equipment at site a alike(p) tower crane, mobile crane and etc.Safety and cleanerConstruction is not affected by adverse weather condition because prefabricated component is done in a factory controlled envi ronment.Safer construction site due to reduction of site workers, materials and construction wastage.Construction operation is safer without large equipment like tower crane and etc. supermanIt is found that casting of large-panel system can reduce labour cost up to 30 percent. However, these cost savings are partially offset by the transportation costs. The transportation of large panels is also subject to the must taken into consideration when adopting a prefabrication system.All materials are deliver under small sizes and package form, thus all materials are easily transport to construction site.Labour secondary site worker required due to simplified construction methods.Prefabrication takes stern at a centralized factory, thus reducing labour demand at site. This is true especially when high degree of mechanization involved. due(p) to the higher degree of mechanization, professional person is needed. Skilled workers are replaced by plant machinery, tower crane and mobile loader s. utilize more of the workers is semi-skilled and skilled worker.High site workers required due to traditional construction methods.Using more of the workers is semi-skilled and skilled worker.(source Peng, 1986 Abdullah, 2003 Warszawski, 1999 Zaini, 2000 CIDB, 2003, 2005 Ingemar Lofgren Kent Gylltoft, 1996 Raymond, 2002)