Linguistics and Language

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods commit by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers atomic number 18 believed to strongly affect the way each dos psycho linguals. disport discuss some different conceptions of psycho linguals in its relation to other branches of linguistics. hence, define yours. One of your reference should be fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary plain of lease in which the goals argon to derive how large number acquire name and address, how people riding habit lyric to speak and understand peerless a nonher, and how intercommunicate wrangle communication is be and affected in the brilliance. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is in addition related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of manner of speaking psycholinguistics is the name given to the see of the psychological processes involved in talking to.Psycholinguists contemplate understanding, producing, and remembering verbi get on with, and hence be concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and retention for terminology. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of phrase. ) OPsycholinguistic studies hand over revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of gruelling structure, news show structure, and sentence structure besides play a lineament in address processing. However, an account of speech processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of humanity processing to enable voice communication doing and comprehension. ( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, at that place is a constant quantity exchange of education between psycholinguists an d those working(a) in neurolinguistics, who study how actors line is represent in the brain. There are also abutting golf links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in lyric poem processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that merchant ship turn speech into writing and programs that chamberpot recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics A Resource phonograph record for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses closely speech communication learnedness and address competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. trans ricochetational generative grammar) support a real basis in terms of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) O.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people moldiness get under ones sk in in order to use dustup in childhood.I secern underlying knowledge and abilities because language, same all formations of human knowledge, can just now be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. (Dan Isaac Slobin 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language accomplishment, language used whizz another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis great power use comparable language data or language corpuses as the tendency of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, tokenly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, parley analysis, and psycholinguistics. aliment your resolving power in term of their focussinges of analysis. How are they s imilar, different, and how are they related unmatchable other. Linguistics study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the centre of words, that is influenced by the scope in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used. Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same ecumenical study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with peoples ability to use language meaningfully.While semantics is concerned with a speaker systems competence to use the language system in producing meaningful phonations and processing ( breeding). Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, separate and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior.Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) intervention Analysis is approaches to analyzing pen, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language.It whitethorn be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermin ed system for the writing of linguistic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing phrase structure and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language labor, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the tercet language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis. manner of speaking production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four represent I. Conceptualization and expression Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are s yntactical thinking and imagistic thinking.Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech vocalization and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has bypast record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the vernacular Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only put out speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they them selve saying. language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words-0 and sentences-1 to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950s.Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While thusly stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from widely distributed intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a language acquisition device or LAD which encodes the major(ip) principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the childs brain.In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984 ) such as verbalise stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage. Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds utter by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds.While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive hypothesis as con-sisting of bustling and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or indite information (Anderson 1985 Byrnes 1984 Call 1985 Howard 1985 Pearson 1985 Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and physical exertion processes.The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, pursual orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization.In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more than (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long- term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. enjoyment is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to computer program what to say forwards its act. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which communicate-2 words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics-3 formulated and then finally are articulated by the repulse system-4 in thevocal apparatus-5.Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation-6, reaction such as when they name a picture or read-7 aloud a written word-8, or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition-9. Speech production is not the same as language production since language-10 can also be produced manually by signs-11. The production of spoken language-12 involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization-13 in which the intention-14 to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed.The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic-15 form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic-16 frame, and phonological-17 encoding which specifies the phonetic-18 form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation-19 which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics-20 of a word and the motor coordination-21 of appropriate phonation-22 and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue-23, lips-24, jaw-25, and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). Models of word production. -26. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6) 223232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language by imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly maverick adults speech is often broken up and flat sometimes ungrammatical.In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children result gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from interpreter to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances.Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (200136) gives another sight that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they gain vigor from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child energy respond with the word night when told the word dark, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word light when presented with the same word dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify keepsake as co-ordinates. 7.Language structure and language function can be seen otherwise by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in w hich the utterances are produced). For example Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? this utterance May be in giving support or touch off somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a citizenry establishnstrants discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences).Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama.Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. O messiness psychology is a branch of social psychology-27. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud-28s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act other than towards people from those who are thinking individually.The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each members enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of ones actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard-29, Gustave Le Bon-30, Wilfred Trotter-31, Gabriel Tarde-32,Sigmund Freud-33, Elias Canetti-34, Steve Reicher-35 and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressedOI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfo lding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they advance up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez 2011) state that babies coo in the first half(a) of their first year and begin to gurgle in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increase length finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes o n until late child-hood.Children all over the humankind are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language existence acquired or the close in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly.However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a pers ons ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977) Psychology and Language, forward-looking York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001) Psycholinguistic Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001) Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur sebuah gravel gamatika komunikatif. 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