Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mythology - Essay ExampleWhy is this feature relevant to the moderne hero? No nonp areil can actually give an answer to this question. Maybe, in such a way the contemporaries are sure that in the modern very challenging world it is necessary to have an option to turn ones mind. The director of the film underlines that external manner is not fundamental for the modern hero. It is much more important a real heroism of a character. A physical power of Hancock can be lost in case he meets other superheroes. Achilles is an ancient Greek character. Nevertheless, this hero does not break out features of a holistic mind or his open nature. Homer underlined his appearance he sat himself defeat away from the ships with a face as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he shot his arrow in the midst of them (Iliad, Book I). Actually, in the ancient world appearance played a very important map. Let us remember about the ancient famed sculptures and monuments of ancient heroes an d characters. Of course, Achilles worshipped gods and this was a positive feature of his nature. Achilles table services Greek people in their fight against enemies, that in reality he is not much cerebrate on solving military problems. From another(prenominal) perspective, Achilles can seem to be a consequential warrior. Achilles can be a patriotic hero, besides in this case he should know for what purpose he needs to be such a person. He is sure of the fact that patriotism is positive if a personal concern is taken into account. Achilles impresses the earreach by his daring and brash features. He shows more passion and he does not want to be vulnerable. This is another vision about heroism and patriotism unlike the view of patriotism in the modern time. Achilles is too arrogant and superior, but Hancock is not. These are two different approaches to representation of heroism and patriotism in two different worlds in the world of ancient times and the modern times. Achilles was not focused on the common good of the society, but Hancock was very much pleased with his ability to help people. He did not place his own personality on the foreground he made an strain on the background, which is societys welfare. Works cited 1. Iliad by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. 2. Odyssey by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. Name Professors Name Subject see Question 7B The Oracle works in Greek myths Divination plays a very important role in Greek mythology. Oracle is one of the core images in Greek religion and mythology. In accord with modern interpretation Oracles played an important role in the Greek religion and beliefs. The Greeks considered death as a necessary evil and therefore Immortality was not an enviable asset. They however required cultivation on their future life on earth, for this they turned to the oracle (Oracle). Ancient Greek people needed information about their future life on the Earth. Greek oracle was a priest or a priestess, who played a role of a mediator between p eople and God. The Oracle communicated with God and in such a way he had an opportunity to get the required information. Apollo was a god of euphony and reason. He could see future too. In the ancient Greece people brought many gifts to Apollo and he told them about the secrets and events of their future. Apollo was facial expression for a woman, who can help him to find answers about peoples future. Apollo intended to be one of

Globale warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globale warming - Essay ExampleOne of the reasons for this is due to research conducted on global warming, where in that location are studies indicative of increasing temperatures all around the globe and on that point is a potential for the calamity of temperature regulation around the globe. This is to imply that there is a high possibility, according to some abide scientists, that the weapon that ensures the weather and climate remains stable within the atmosphere is likely to fail, in which case the temperatures leave alone fall to a scenario of the legendary ice age (Carter 2008, p.182). This accounts for the larger percentage of the reason why there are varying opinions pertaining to global warming, whereas there are others such as research that olfactory modalitys into the erratic patterns of the weather and the climate following the large impact of global warming across the globe. This is to an extent that it is difficult to depart detailed information on how much ch ange has occurred and even future trends of the world based on climate change studies, where the effects of different causative agents of global warming are evaluated and their amount of scathe assessed to ensure that the latest data is acquired and utilized adequately. With this in mind, there are also sceptical scientists that yet focus on single aspects of global warming thus with every new research or study on the weather, there is a new opinion based on hypothetical situations. This leave be discussed later when looking at the future of the world from the perspective of global warning. Problem To say the concept of global warming and even the theory of global warming, there is a need to look at the evidence presented by different researches as to how global warming works and affects the world. With this in mind, scientists flummox discovered that humans are the greatest cause of global warming, where they do not cause it by their state of being but through their activities , both economic and social. As a result, the temperatures of the earth take aim increased over the past 250 years at a steady pace, but this is not to sloshed that there are no other factors causing this. First looking at this reveals that burning dodo fuels for energy and heat is part of what causes global warming by releasing carbon dioxide which traps a spirit level of warm air (Jacobson 2004, p.2910). Findings that brought this to light states that a combination of human activities and natural causes has resulted in the rapid in surface temperature rise (Zuo et al 2012, p.3432). However, there are also other findings that refute and support this at the same time in that there are natural occurrences and human activities that have significantly contributed to the cool down of the earth meaning that a form of balance to the global temperature belt is returning including chloral-flouro-carbons. These include eruptions of mountains as seen in the 1991 case of Mt. Pinatubo, whic h lowered global temperatures for a number of years (Soden et al, 2002). On a connatural note research has also found that global warming is not necessarily a forged thing based on studies and evidence presented by various scientists. As such, there have been findings that since 1860 to date, there has been roughly an increase in global

Personal Development as a First Line Manager Essay

Personal Development as a First Line Manager - Essay typeThe manner with which front-line managers carry out their tasks such as employee selection, appraisal, and development, communication, and involvement, to name a few, has been significantly associated with a large-minded range of leadership behaviors that generally intend to influence the attitudes and behaviors of workers as well(p) as to provide them with program line (Longenecker and Neubert 2003). Employees tend to be influenced by HR practices that are evident in the body of work as well as the leadership behaviors of their managers, and they can either respond to this in a positive or nix manner. Thus, there is a crucial need for future front-line managers to obtain the necessary and adequate knowledge, skills, and experience to successfully assume their roles and help contribute to sociable organizational outcomes. The SMART objectives stated in this paper impart be outlined in the final portion. Leadership Styl es When developing leadership skills, it is of great importance to deal and understand leadership styles. For instance, the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire approaches to leadership have been commonly identified as leadership styles that each has its own outcomes (Leong and Fischer 2011). For instance, the laissez-faire approach is characterized by a hands-off view with which the leader allows his add upers to take away decisions and accomplish tasks on their own although this style may be applied among individuals who are highly loose and motivated, the laissez faire approach brings about the lowest productivity among intimately workplaces. There is little guidance provided by the leader and the members are left to manage activities and solve businesss on their own. The transactional leadership style, meanwhile, is highly based on the unwashed exchange between leader and followers. Members consequently are motivated by punishment and reward, whose purpose i s to follow what the leader tells them to. Finally, the transformational approach to leadership has been shown to be the most effective style with which members are empowered by the leader, increasing their motivation to work and allowing them to participate in decision making. The needs of the subordinates are addressed by the leader while challenging and creative tasks are provided to increase their enthusiasm and commitment to achieve goals. When the most appropriate leadership style is chosen in a given workplace, a number of favorable outcomes can be obtained, including increased motivation, productivity, and performance. find Management In relation to leadership, risk management is a process which is characterized by effective identification of and solution to workplace problems. For instance, with regards to risk management in workplace health and safety, it is essential that a number of steps are followed. First is to identify the problem or hazard followed by the assessmen t of risks, thereby determining how critical the problem is. Finally, decisions should be made with regards to how the problem will be solved such process is referred to as the risk elimination or control. Risk management should be

The Investment Detective - Finance Case 17 Study

The Investment Detective - Finance 17 - Case take up ExampleThe projects Payback period, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of come (IRR) are about of the key criteria that can be used. However, NPV provides the best ranking criteria, since IRR is only applicable when on that point are series of silver flows that indicate results in an initial outlay followed by future embellish (Baker, 2011). A series of cash flows that do not satisfy this requirement, will not give reserve results with the IRR method. IRR method also gives percentages which do not include the magnitude of cash flows (Baker, 2011). Payback method normally overlooks the time value of money. This is one of its main drawbacks in ranking projects. The drawbacks of Payback period and IRR method puzzle out NPV the best method for metropolis budgeting (Baker, 2011).Project 2 and 6 relate to actual venture capital project in which, bulks of cash inflows are realized at the end of maturity period, but some ca sh inflows can also occur at the beginning of the period (Baker, 2011).Project 4, 7 and 8 relate to an investment in machinery where positive cash is generated at a certain period of time. later on some times, they can be sold so as to generate more cash. Additional cash flows are incurred at the beginning of the period to keep the machinery going (Baker,

Negotiating for Jobs, Salaries and Everything Else (Guide) Research Paper

Negotiating for Jobs, Salaries and Everything Else (Guide) - Research wallpaper ExampleIn this similar context, several aspects need to be considered while negotiating job and salary body structure among others with prospective employers. The aspects include remuneration with yearly bonuses, job responsibilities, potential salary hikes or job promotional material and cost of living in accordance with salary structure that offers by an organization (Rowe, Negotiating for Jobs, Salaries and Everything Else).This discussion intends to contrive a plan for negotiating jobs, salary structures and other similar aspects by taking into concern certain authoritative factors. The factors comprise area of interests and power sources of the candidates as well as the prospective employers.I have a good friend who has recently passed out from a renowned management institute and applied for a HR manager post in a mid-sized private organization. He already faced showtime round of interview and i s selected for this post. As a consultant, I prepared a plan for my friend when he was called for second interview round in which the organization would be discussing about his job responsibilities and salary structure. By communicating with the other members of the organization, my friend came to know that the organization would offer a salary structure that ranges among $7000 and $9000 per annum for the post. Moreover, the members also provided a brief idea about the job pen to my friend which the organization is personnel casualty to offer him. When he told about the job profile and salary structure to me, I was quite surprise to hear him. The job profile is to look after the overall production function of the organization.Contextually, the job profile of a HR manager is to look after various important operational areas of an organization such as recruitment, training programs and performance appraisal relating to the entire workforce through which

Is toleration necessary for citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is sufferance necessary for citizenship - Essay ExampleProblems of acceptation are generated by dislikes towards important differences manifesting in other individuals or groups, with subsequent interference in their activities. Hence toleration is defined as the suspension of the power of interference towards disliked or disapproved differences so long as no harm is caused to anyone by the existence of these differences (Galeotti, 1993 587).The purpose of this paper is to examine the immensity of toleration for citizenship. It will be determined whether semipolitical valuation account exercised by the government has an influence on the practise of toleration by citizens in society. The importance of the cultivation of friendship between diverse people for beneficial impact on toleration among citizens, and toleration towards sexual minorities and their inclusion will be discussed. The argument detailing how toleration and citizenship cannot be completely drop off from exclusi on, the paradoxes in toleration and the contradictions in citizenship will serve to give a different perspective to the debate.In a planned or deliberate democracy, there is more expected from citizens than the mere silent toleration of attitudes and reasons that they dislike especially if it is acknowledged that an important goal of democratic functioning is to find optimal and inversely agreeable solutions to problems and conflicts. Since citizens have to critically engage with each other, toleration pertaining to non-interference would not help for confrontational even cooperative discussion. Further, when toleration is exercised by a majority, it may even be undemocratic. A deliberative opening of tolerance underscores how deliberation across differences can be both tolerant and democratic. In a democracy, tolerance is exercised in resolving conflicts, and in making disagreements fruitful(Bohman, 2003 758, 762). Further, it is found that a

Argument...........Church and State should not be separate Essay

Argument...........Church and State should not be separate - Essay modelingIn the very early years of the American nation, the First Amendment as part of the Bill of Rights was considered to be a wall of time interval between the church and the state. Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791, it was prospect to be otherwise, that is, religious freedom means integration of church and state. It was Thomas Jefferson who first expounded that the First Amendment is think to mean separation and hence as a solid constitutional principle (Hamburger 109). Discussion tarradiddle is replete with justifications why there was a need for the Church to separate from the State. Prior to the 1800s, perhaps the intimately valid argument for a separation was their argument for a Church to be pure, that it should not be sullied with worldly affairs of the state. Only a fringe minority of Europeans and Americans saw fit for a separation because it was by then viewed by this small group a s a sure way to emend the church beyond what was thought ordinarily to be possible this group also distrusted the clergy for its abuses (ibid. 21). But the commonplace direction of this short paper will be to argue otherwise, that the Church and the State are breach off not separate. In this discussion, I will argue why both are breach off joined than being separate which goes against the conventional wisdom held by many for years.

Market Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

foodstuff Structure - Essay ExampleCharacteristics of Perfectly private-enterprise(a) Market In a perfectly competitive market, a too large egress of buyers are spontaneous to buy growths and services at a certain price level and a large number of sellers are willing to sale those products and services for the specified price level. All firms are price taker in perfectly competitive market, having a relatively small market share and operating in a profit maximization motive. Profit is maximized in that point where marginal revenue meets marginal cost (Stackelberg, Bazin, hammock and Urch, 2010). There are no barriers to entry and exit for firms into the industry. All factors of production are perfectly busy in long run perfect competition. Complete information is available to the consumers in terms of product quality, method of production, price of competitors. Purchasing behaviour of the buyers is rational as all information is available to them. Market cannot be affected by any externalities. Buyers are well aware about their market rights. Therefore, no cost of benefit can influence one party to harm the other party. Firms are set-aside(p) in producing homogeneous goods which are hardly differentiated in terms of price level and quality. Economies of outstrip is absent in this market structure as a result of continuance of a large number of buyers and sellers. There is no transaction cost is perfect competition. Hence no cost is convoluted in exchanging goods in this type of market structure. Local fish or vegetable market is a perfect example of this kind of market structure (Stackelberg, Bazin, Hill and Urch, 2010).

HR PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR PROJECT - rise ExampleThe mortal will receive tough operational predisposition for aspects like recruitment, performance counseling, benefits, compensation, employee relationship, and benefits to management and gentility (Armstrong, 2003). project Duties An ideal do-nothingdidate should have motivational skills, should enjoy leading teams actively and can be an integral part of the wining team. Other prerequisite requirements have been mentioned below Prior experience in working in Middle-East is necessary. An effective track of stability and career progress Candidate should hold (preferred) an EU passport Minimum experience of around 3 days in multi-site or elderberry bush pack with regards to HRD is essential Experience in Five star deluxe or five star is essential Should have both pragmatic and strategic approach gruelling attitude with regards to approach and attitude Strong interpersonal and communication skills (Barclay, 2001). Due to specific requirement with reg ards to this role, the panoramas considered for this role would be personally interviewed by the senior management. line title Assistant Security music director, Security and Compliance Dept. Date of Analysis 13 celestial latitude 2013 Reporting COO Job Code 1004002 Summary of the Job Currently candidates for Assistant Security Director are being looked for. This role will assist the security department in the hotel to guarantee the period of compliance accordingly to the hotel policies and the procedures. Every regulations stated by the government under the safety and security received framework has to be duly followed. The candidate would be responsible for the safety and security within the hotel exposit to ensure that safety of the hotel properties and overall safety of the employees, guests and their personal belonging. The major responsibilities would not be limited to educating and training the employees regarding the present safety issues, fire protection and security for ensuring compliances by abiding by the group redness control guidelines (Bernadin, 2007). The scheduled preventive repairs and maintenance for the security equipment would be required and it has to be ensured that the equipments are active and operational for daily activities. Job Duties Candidate need to have at least 3 years of experience in handling similar responsibilities for hotel industry. Experience in military, law enforcement, supervisory experience or equivalent combination would also suffice. Even First Aid instructor, Certified CPR, training for law enforcement, etc would be also preferable. The person would be also required to work on weekends, holidays or night if required. The individual will also have to bring in strong management ability and skill for analyzing the statistics and poetic rhythm for preparation of action plan and also communicate them through written reports. In return the candidate would be offered benefits, competitive pay and an opportunity to work with a pool of talented people. Moreover, the candidate would be given independence to work and implement his/ her own plan of action. We are an equal opportunity employer (Berry, 1997). Job Title Reservation Manager, Operations Date of Analysis 13 December 2013 Reporting Director (Hotel Operations) Job Code 1005001 Summary of the Job In the position of a Reservation Manag

PhD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

PhD - Essay Example..51 7 3.34.REFERENCES ..53 7 3.48.CHAPTER 2 8 3.49.2.1 Fuel Economy 9 3.50.The burn thriftiness(FE) of any vehicle merchantman be cypher as a ratio of distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed or as the ratio of fuel purpose per distance travelled (GFEI,n.d.). An et al (2011, p4) note that fuel economy standards can be of various forms such as liters of fuel consumed per hundred kilometers of distance travelled or kilometers travelled per liter of vehicle fuel. The global average vehicle fuel using up hovers around 8L/100 km corresponding to 29.4 mpg and a global drive under the aegis of GFEI, whose partner organizations atomic number 18 the UNEP, IEA, ITF , ITCC and the FIA Foundation has been launched to submit it down to 4L/100km corresponding to 58.8 mpg by 2050 (GFEI,n.d.).The regulations pertaining to fuel economy followed by the four largest automobile markets, namely, the US, the EU, Japan and china differ significantly from each other ( An et al, 2011, p4). 10 3.51.The fFactors affecting fuel economy of a vehicle 11 4.Power for consumption by accessories such as line of descent conditioners and heaters is obtained from fuel consumption. The electric power need for operating an air conditioner in a vehicle can be split up into cardinal components, namely, as the power for the compressor and the power for fans. It was found that there was an average increase in power consumption of around 27% in cars with air conditioners running at full power as compared to cars with air conditioners switched off OECD(2004,p124-125).The additional weight of the air-conditioning system by itself results in more fuel consumption due to extra energy required to beat the inertia of the system during acceleration and in turn increases the tailpipe emissions. adjuvant heaters also contribute to increased fuel consumption and emissions. The ongoing technological developmental work for fuel economy carried out in vehicle air conditione rs include reduction in component weight, approach in compressor efficiency by adopting variable displacement or engine speed independent propulsion, sound control accuracy to increase temperature control accuracy, heat pumps, absorption systems, thermal storage, use of refrigerants with lower spherical Warming Potential(GWP) with non-conventional system configuration and secondary loop systems(OECD,2004,p126-127).The power requirement of electrical equipment in a modern car is around 1kW and could go up to 12kW in the near future. Table 2.2 (Pundir ,2008,p20) gives the power consumption of accessories in a usual European car.The voltages of the auxiliary electrical systems being developed in vehicles are expected to be changed to around 42V.Since the advanced range of on-board equipment in cars would comprise of computer controlled systems, mobile internet, fax, GPS,TV and video systems which need enhanced power input, highly efficient engines are required to be eq1uipped with alternator or aide Power Unit (APU) to supply the power(OECD,2004,127). 22 5. 25 6.Table 2.2 the power consumption of accessories in a typical European car ( Pundir,2008,p20) 26 9.1.2.2 Importance of fuel economy 26 9.2. 36 9.3.Table 2.3 fuel economy technologies for automobiles and light trucks ( NRC ,1992,p41) 36 9.5.2.2.1 Design and technology for fuel economy 36 9.6.Pundir(2008,p16-17) lists out the

Reform Laws and Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reform Laws and part - Essay ExampleThis radical shall argue on the causes of divorce, while pointing out to the reasons for reform laws on trades unions and divorce in the process. A unification is a radixard union between two individuals that ar committed to one another and they argon to live for each other with the two parties developing common interest, which are economically related in some cases. In marriage, the husband and wife are expected to shoot a lifetime stand by and the strength of this bond all depends on how they could effectively manage their relationship and it is the mismanagement of relationships that ultimately select to divorce. It is a known fact that most of the divorce cases are filed by women and this is due to the fact that the union has made women to play second fiddle in relationships and when they feel they are no longer enjoying the relationship, they litigate for divorce. According to the American Law and Economics Review, more than two-thi rds of divorce cases in the United States are filed by women (Brinig & Douglas 126, Khun & John 31) A marriage would surely stand on a proper economic floor and if the necessary things are not done, the foundation on which the marriage was built would collapse. This is to say that a marriage that the husband or the man of the house cannot meet up with the responsibility in the house in terms of matching his income with the finances at home would begin to crumble. A relationship that is marred by lack of finances or proper management of finance cannot stand and the marriage would ultimately fail. In this case, there call for to be some reform laws on the union of two people as it must be clearly stated that people that are not financially capable to break a family should not even make whatever attempt to get married in the original place. If this is done, divorce cases that arise as a result of the inability of the husband to cater for the financial needs of the family would nev er arise (Brinig & Douglas 127). There are several divorce situations that the bride accuses her husband of not being financially capable enough to cater for the family and then sues for divorce and later on the hearing of the divorce, the two married parties are legally separated with the husband paying some sum of money for the upkeep of his ex-wife and if they have any issue between them, he is also responsible for the upkeep of the children. Thus, if there have been reform laws that have mandated the wife to ensure that she wants to get married to someone that would take care of the finances of herself and the issue that comes after the marriage, these cases of divorce would be to the barest minimum. Parents hold the responsibility of catering for their children and when this obligation is not fulfilled there could be some cracks in the walls in the family system and this could be the effect of an improperly planned marriage system. Divorce follows an improperly managed marriag e, thus there should be some reforms law that seeks to monitor the management of marriages and this would go a long way to teach the couples the consequences of mismanaging their homes. Some of the reasons women sue for divorce is due to the financial and economical incentives they stand to gain from the dissolution of their marriage and the fact that it is the women that gain more from

Feminism, focusing on the rights of women, the differences between men Essay

Feminism, focusing on the rights of wowork force, the differences between men and women - Essay ExampleFor long, the discourse on masculinism and feminism, their differences and commonalities included, shake either centred around sexism or on the politically correct narrative of equality of men and women. The differences between the males and the females are chiefly studied as physiological and psychological. The physical differences between men and women, for example, weight, shape, size, and anatomy, are tangible and measurable. Due to their characteristic physical attributes men exhibit greater functionality and more survival value than women. (Conner, 2000). The psychological differences, though, more subtle and difficult to describe, have an important bearing on forming and maintaining of relationships. Psychologists, like Freud, accepting the male as the norm, inadvertently committed the sneak of fashioning the female model with the male cloth (Gilligan, 1987).The difference s in physical characteristics, the psychological and thinking patterns, are reinforced by the fact, that 78 genes have been identified that differentiate women from men (bbc.co.uk, 2003), while women have quadruplet times as many brain cells as men (Connors, 2000). The greater number of brain cells change women, to understand, consider, and tackle multiple problems at once, while men, with linear and sequential perspective, prefer to solve them one at a time (Connors, 2000).Various studies have shown that the male and female perceptions start taking shape primordial in life. As a group, finding their way out of a maze, boys exhibited, by improvising a noble and hegemonic chain of command. Using scouts they maintained a respectable difference from each other(a). Teenage girls on the other hand, when confronted with the problem, resorted to collective intelligence and generated a feeling of togetherness to find the way out (Gilligan, 1987). It is also observed that the perspecti ve of boys and girls, toward

Management at Apple Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

guidance at Apple - Research Paper ExampleApple lodge is located at Cupertino, atomic number 20 was established in 1976 and deals in personal computers, computer softw ar other consumer electronics such as iPods, iPads, iPh unrivalleds and tablets among others. In addition, the company has about 60, 400 permanent workers with 2,800 part time spread in more than ten-spot countries and operating in about 357 retail stores with a present $65.23 zillion It plans to open a aggregate of 25 stores in China by the end of 2011 (Head, 2007). Furthermore, Apple Company being a technology organization has used the location-based services strategy. This involves using an advertising platform that sends various offers to its clients from the nearby shops and restaurants. Similarly, Apple Company has been able to increase its gross revenue and profits through venturing into the international markets such as China and Japan. In addition, departing from the domestic market to enter the interna tional market by Apple has lead to reduced be of production and the ability to trade in various markets hence lessening the dependency on one market. Supply range management Supply string management involves the organization and control of assets such as equipment, human, components and relationships such as customers, staff and suppliers among others in the production and delivery of customers commodity from crude product to completed product as competently as possible. Apple Company is known to bestow its sale with a minimal physical lend sales chain. Instead, Apple uses digital supply chain involves distribution of digital media such as video or music though electronic long suit from the provider to the client. For instance, through its virtual stores, Apple has been able to generate about $ 1 billion from iTunes sales only. This can be considered as the first step by Apple towards implementing agility in its supply chain (Sanders & Reid, 2007). In addition, the company h as the ability to make sales worth more than I billion of MP3 files without factors of physical supply management such as material sourcing, production, wargonhousing and transportation among others. These sales egest to iPhone mobile that do not use the normal supply chains. There are numerous advantages that are enjoyed by Apple in its usage of digital supply chains. For instance, increase in margin of computer hardware sales, increased maneuvers in the market because of higher flow of cash and the ability to provide what is on use up at right time. Therefore, because of this innovative idea of modern supply management, competition has increased among IT companies such as HP, Dell and IBM adopting and improving their methods. On that note, Apple has come up with its new design of supply chain called product lifecycle management (PLM). It is a programmed software that allows manufacturers from around the world to process the products they want using a collaborative design. Thus t he equation of achieving agility in supply chain versus risk in confluence demand had to take compose for Apple (Lebreton, 2007). Similarly, it permits the manufacturer to share and manage complicated design and commodity detail that aims at ensuring the proper development process of commodity. Inventory management Inventory management involves indicating the shape and percentage of completed products an organization has to sell. Numerous factors affect inventory of management of Apple Inc. Company. For example, there are the physical place of the

Teaching Reading to Students with Learning Disabilities Essay

Teaching Reading to Students with Learning Disabilities - Essay ExampleThe cultivation of effective reading strategies can have positive consequences for students with learning disabilities, yet many students do non learn to use strategies automatic everyy. Fin each(prenominal)y, the implications for reading statement for students with and without disabilities in inclusive settings are discussed.The aptitude to read is a critical component of instill success. A strong correlation exists between poor reading ability and school failure, and students who do not learn how to read during their elementary years have difficulty navigating the school curriculum during middle and upper grades (Marston, Deno, Dongil, Diment, & Rogers, 2005). The content Center for Education Statistics reported that more than 75% of all fourth graders and eighth graders scored below the reading proficiency range on the most recent National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading assessment (U. S. Department of Education, 2002). These numbers suggest that a galactic number of students with and without disabilities are not benefiting from current traditional reading curricula and instructional practices (Carnine, Silbert, & Kameenui, 2001 Simmons & Kameenui, 2000). Improving reading instruction is a top priority for both general and picky education.These concerns are paramount for students with high-incide... Among the students with high-incidence disabilities, children classified with learning disabilities constitute the largest group of students receiving special education services. More than 2 million students in the United States are classified with a learning disability, a number that has increased dramatically since the late 1970s. In the departed decade alone, the number of students classified with a learning disability increased 38%, and currently students identify with a learning disability represent 51% of all students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Educ ation, 2000).The 2001 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) specifically identified the general education setting as the most appropriate placement for all students, and some half of the students classified with a learning disability participate full time in a general education classroom. Full-time placement in the general education classroom is commonly called inclusion body or inclusive education (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). In inclusion settings, students with disabilities may or may not receive additional support from a special education teacher. Some programs involve general and special education teacher collaboration, but in many cases the general education teacher is responsible for implementing all academic support services, curricular adaptations, and testing modifications (Schulte, Osborne, & Erchul, 2002). Moreover, most new standards-based reform initiatives require that students with learning disabilities outfit minimum lo cal and state competency requirements. Despite the extra responsibilities this places on teachers, many school districts persist in to reshape the roles of

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example1. __False__Suzy is employed as a secretary in the U.S. Senate. Her supervisor has insinuated that there are negative references in her personnel consign. Suzy has demanded to try her personnel file and her supervisor has abjured. Her supervisor has violated the Privacy twist.No, he has not violated the loneliness Act since it relates mostly to health issues but in this case, Suzy is not authorized to see her personal file .It may be against the beau monde policy to show the personal files of the employees.4. FalseMelissa is fired for take from her employer, LaMont and Co. She is convicted of the theft, but given only a light sentence. Some time later, a prospective employer calls LaMont for a reference, and is told that the reason for Melissas termination was that she had committed theft of employer property. Melissa does not get the sensitive job. LaMont has defamed MelissaAccording to the labour law the employees shall have the right to self o rganize and form unions or refrain from it. However, unfair labour practice charges can be brought against an employer on account to wages, hours and other toll of employment if they are not in accordance with the state laws or norms prevailing within the company or industry.False, The Wagner Act identifies the unfair labor practices that the employer can be accused of. The Taft Hartley Act was passed to amend the Wagner Act to restrict mis-use of unionism allowed through the Wagner Act.OSHA allows the workers to refuse to work if they see that the employer is violating their duty of providing a safe workplace. The employer is essential to take corrective action but can not replace the workers since it is their right under OSHA to refuse to work in unsafe conditions.14 TRUEOSHA does not hold employers liable for injuries suffered by employees plot of land working in the employees home offices, but employers are responsible for injuries suffered by employees if the employee

The Game Essay Example for Free

The Game EssayE truly person has a different bearing of display achiever. In the movie The Game, each of the characters beliefs victor in their own specific and distinct ways. Nicholas has a more materialistic view of success contrasted by Conrad who lives a more easygoing look and Christine who is mostly a balance between the two. The various characters such as Nicholas, Conrad and Christine will achieve their success at the end of the movie, however each of them attain it in different ways. Nicholas Van Orton is the main character of the movie.At the beginning of the film, Nicholas appeared to be a very successful business man but lived in solitude. disassociate and alone, Nicholas now lived in a Mansion with his kinspersonkeeper, Elsa, as his only company. At this luff of the movie, Nicholas reckonmed to perceive success as money. For his birthday, Nicholas is given by his brother a present to go to the CRS office and play a gamy. Once the racy starts, he perceive s his life as falling apart. His money is robbed form his bank account, his house is taken over by the CRS, and everywhere he went something mysterious happened to him.Nicholas saw success at this evince as the survival of this horrible nightmare. With no money and anywhere to go, he decides to approach his ex wife for help. This might pick up been out of desperation, since he has not done such a thing in a long time. Parallel to this, he starts developing a relationship with Christine, a waitress in a restaurant which throughout the whole game will be there to help him. By the end of the movie, we adopt how Nicholas starts to realize how everyone surrounding him is a part of this game that wants to kill him.At this point he decides that the best thing is to kill himself since he has nothing to live for. Everything he had in life is gone. He throws himself from a building and surprisingly he lands on a giant air bag. This game was done by his brother Conrad as a birthday presen t. This whole nightmare instantly sullen into happiness. Everything he just went through was a whole set up of a surprise party. He had not lost his house nor his money everything was in-touch. After enduring through all the various games, Nicholas realizes that success does not only mean being a successful business person, but to be elated and squander passel that surround you.Throughout the movie, Christine appears to be an innocent person that coincidentally meets Nicholas. She helped Nicholas during the game to hand over to escape from the CRS agents, from people who wanted to kill him and in like manner to try and get out of a nongregarious building. At the beginning, she helped Nicholas however, towards the end she played a role in robbing his bank account. At the end of the movie, we see how everything that has happened on the past couple of days, was a game.All of Nicholas possessions where intact and this was just all part of a game. By this time of the movie, we s tart realizing who the real Christine is. She is a woman whose goals of success are to make people laughing(prenominal). She achieves this goal by taking a job the game and go somewhat the world in a mission to make other people happy. Christines view on success was through other peoples happiness. Conrad, Nicholas brother, has a unique personality. He was free-spirited, had a spontaneous character and wanted to live life to the fullest.He starts off the movie by saying how he fell slumbrous on the beach and when he woke up, he realized it was his brothers birthday. This scene of the movie gives us a smack of what character Conrad is. Even though he is not a successful businessman and does not have the same type of luxuries as his brother, he views his life to be a successful one. Conrads view on success was to live a happy addressfree the like free of any worries of having a set job or having any obligations. He has no interest in living the way his brother lived and even fe lt up bad for him.This is why Conrad wanted Nicholas to participate in the game. He wanted Nicholas to open up his eyes of his unhappy life and appreciate other things apart from the materialistic ones. When the game is over Nicholas sees the value in trying to live a little bit more like Conrad, in not such a strict and orderly life without and personal relationships with other people. Nicholas, Christine and Conrad had very distinct views on success. On one hand Nicholas was all about the materialistic life, full of luxuries and a very successful business, yet with no personal relation.He ignores his ex-wife phone calls, does not have a good relationship with his brother and lives in a mansion with only his housekeeper Elsa. On the other hand, we have Christine and Conrad. Both of this characters view success in terms of happiness. Conrad is a free cared man that does not care about his money or any materialistic thing, he cared about the relationship with himself and how he felt about it. This is what made his happy. Christine, wanted to make people happy. She was part of the CRS agency who their job was to go around the world and make people happy.For me Christine is the most successful character. By doing the game and making people happy she achieves an internal happiness and a happiness for others. She not only succeeded in his work but also as a person. Although this three characters might seem they have nothing in common, we can see how all of them in one way or the other achieved their view of success. They where all successful in their own eyes. This movie demonstrates the perspectives of each individual when it comes to be successful.

Principles of Health Care Practice Code of Conduct Essay Example for Free

Principles of Health tending Practice Code of Conduct try on1.1 IntroductionI am writing this report as a requirement for my HNC Health C be course which depart be submitted to Christine Hughes. In this report I will be comparing and tell apart two health c ar professions, the two health bursting charge professions I have chosen to comparison is nursing and friendly formulate. The report will be laid-backlighting the principles of healthcare, such as Education and tot entirelyy(a)owance, ( quiet to finish)1.2 treat Education RegistrationTo train to be a qualified nurse you undertake either a pre- accommodation diploma or degree at university this is norm entirelyy a three year programme. Degrees and diploma programmes be of 50% theory and 50% design, with time split between the higher education institute. Nursing is unionized into four branches Adult, Children, Mental Health and Learning Disabilities. During the first year of nurse training you are introduced t o all of the key areas as part of the Common Foundation Programme. In the second and third year you cerebrate on a specific branch, which runs the course. Registered nurses and midwives are trusty for assessing the needs of individuals, planning and implementing their care, and evaluating the effectiveness.The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the statutory regulative body for nursing, midwifery and health visiting in the United Kingdom. All nurses earning in the UK, including those trained abroad, need to be registered with the NMC in secern to practice as a nurse in the UK, of that care. All qualified nurses, midwives and health visitors are required to be members of the NMC in order to practice. If nurses, midwives or health visitors are found guilty of mis abide, the NMC has the authority to strike them off the register. www.nhscareers.nhs.uk, www.planitplus.net/careerzone/ www.nursingnetuk1.3 accessible Work Education RegistrationSocial work requires a professional qualification, currently a three year undergraduate honours degree or a two year Masters degree in social work that has been approved by the General Social Care Council (GSCC)). The course involves a combination of course work and a minimum of 200 days spent in practice settings providing the opportunity for lots of operable experience before you actually qualify. The social work qualification is suitable for social workers in all settings and sectors. As a student and once qualified you will need to register with the General Social Care Council (GSCC) which is responsible for regulating the workforce. Previous qualifications in social work including the diploma will touch on to be recognised as valid social work qualifications. There are a garland of ways to enter the social work profession, according to age and previous experience. www.socialworkcareers.co.uk, www.planitplus.net/careerzone2.1 The Nursing Midwifery CouncilThe NMC is the regulatory body for nursing and midwifer y there purpose is to improve the standards of nursing and midwifery care in order to protect the public through professional standards. NMC register all nurses and midwives to ensure that they are powerful qualified and competent to work in the UK. They set the standard of education training and conduct that nurses and midwives will deliver high quality healthcare consistently throughout their careers.NMC also imparts sure that nurses and midwives keep all their skills and knowledge up to date and to uphold the standards of their professional code. They also investigate allegations made against nurses and midwives who may non have followed the code. Every registered nurse, midwife or health visitor moldiness renew their registration either three years. Post-registration education and practice (Prep) is set by the NMC which is designed to help nurses and midwifes provide a high standard of practice and care. There are legal requirements set which must be met in order for there registration to be renewed.2.2 General Social Care CouncilThe General Social Care Council (GSCC) sets standards of conduct for social care employers and workers, this regulates the social care workforce including regulating social work their training and education. The GSCC is responsible for codes of practice for employers and employees in the care sector. Social Care Register is a register of qualified social workers, the registration will ensure that those working in social care meet rigorous registration requirements and will hold them to account for their conduct by codes of practice.Registered social workers are also required to bump off post-registration training and learning activities before renewing their registration every three years. Post-registration training and learning requirements that all registered social workers must meet are every social worker registered with the GSCC shall, within the period of registration, accomplished either 90 hours or 15 days of study , training, courses, seminars, reading, teaching or other activities which could reasonably be expected to advance the social workers professional development. To keep a record of post-registration training and learning undertaken, and blow to meet these conditions may be considered misconduct.Continuing Professional Development in NursingAll registered nurses and midwives are required to take part in continuing professional development (CPD) in order to conserve their professional registration. This is part of the post-registration education and practice (PREP) requirements, set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council NMC. There are two types of PREP, 1. Practice standards and Continuing professional development standards. CPD is fundamental to the development of all health care practitioners, as it is important that nurses keep there knowledge and skills up-to date, to improve standards in the practice and to gain to a greater extent qualifications.To meet the CPD standards nurses must undertake at least 35 hours of learning activity relevant to their practice every three years, to maintain a personal professional profile of their learning activity and to accompany with any requests to audit how they have met these requirements. Nurses and midwives who do not comply with the Prep requirements will cause their registration to lapse and can no longer work as a registered nurse or midwife. These requirements must be met every three years, and are declared at the point that registration is renewed.3.1 Clinical organisationClinical governance is the framework through which the NHS is accountable for the continuing improvement of quality of professional standards whilst still safeguarding high standards of care, thereby creating an environment which aims for clinical excellence. It is to ensure that high quality and professional standards are macrocosm maintained, and that health professionals are competent to deliver care safely with the right training and skil ls. This protects the diligents from risks and mistakes allowing them to have authorization and faith in their care providers.Clinical governance also ensures that practitioners are accountable for the quality of patient care they provide meaning that they are more likely to question their practice and seek to make it of more benefit to the patients health. If it is found that those standards are not being met or they have got complaints from individuals about there delivery of care, there will be someone answerable for the failures to maintain standards. Nurses are responsible for their possess competence and if they carry out treatments or procedures then they will be deeming themselves to do so.

Those Who Came and Followed Him Essay Example for Free

Those Who Came and Followed Him EssayThe Gospel correspond to John draws a distinction to the destinies of Simon Peter and John the Apostle whom saviour issues. In resemblance to his teacher who is in the person of Jesus Christ, Simon Peters life is a testament that the ultimate expression of recognise is the sacrifice of ones own life for the benefit of the one he loves. As for the Apostle whom Jesus loves, John devoted his long life in proclamation of the love of the Heavenly bugger off with His only Begotten Son. Be that as it may, both disciples served as instruments in spreading the substantially intelligence information as they lived in doctrineful accordance to the will of the Father. As recorded history would have it, it is for sealed that Simon Peter worked in Rome at the latter his of his earthly life. It was there where he suffered and died as a martyr for being a believer of Jesus Christ (Niswonger, 1992). The death of Simon Peter establishes the historical substructure of the Bishops of Romes assertion to his apostolic leadership.It was because of his bluntness that he unavoidably found himself in hard disagreement with Jewish powers that be. He had been placed under arrest twice as ordered by the high priests. It has been said that by approximately miracle he had been unchained from prison and surprised his fellow disciples by unexpectedly arriving on the scene before them. He then spread the Good News in Lydda and Joppa (Ruffin, 1998). In Caesarea, he came to know Cornelius and eventually convinced a Gentile to embrace the Catholic faith (Ruffin, 1998).Having recognized that the Gentiles maximum support is crucial for the sect, he facilitated in forming the early guiding principle towards them. As a result of such distinction he was elected Bishop of the See of Antioch (Ruffin, 1998). The idea that Paul was martyred at the time of Neros rule is firmly established on the writings of Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria as sound as S t. Irenaeus (Ruffin, 1998). The epistles he wrote are for those people from Asia Minor who chose to be converted and embraced Christianity. The First Epistle is full of concerns regarding divided kindness, charity, and meekness.Generally, it communicates the Christian duties expected to be practiced at all times. Towards the end, he offers good wishes from the church at Babylon. This is acknowledged as another proof that Paul wrote the letter in Rome, which was then referred to as Babylon (Ruffin, 1998). The heartbeat Epistle cautions against wrong beliefs, tells about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, and concludes with a brilliant doxology as it states that the faithful moldiness grow in the love of God for He alone deserves the glory now and forever.The Apostle whom Jesus loves is regarded as the writer of one of the Gospels, the Book of Revelation as well as the Epistles (Ruffin, 1998). It is believed that he spent some time in Patmos though the exact length of his stay has n ot been recorded. Emperor Domitian of Rome believed that he had been able to silence the affectionate elder (Ruffin, 1998). However, the Emperors efforts cannot hinder the plan of the Heavenly Father to allow John to write a record which would form an integral part of the sacred rule book.The book of Revelation conveys the supreme victory over the power of evil by Jesus Christ as God the Savior (Life Application Study Bible NIV, 2005). When all else fails, it is a wonderful encouragement to be know that great things will come to put an end to the sorrows of life on earth. The assurance that in the end, God will reign supreme provides the utmost relief to the soul. The Revelation best concludes the sacred scripture as it imparts the promise of life eternal for those who believe.Old age did not allow John to subscribe to ministries as he used to. Instead, he sought the help of his brethren to transport him to places where he could spread the Good News (Ruffin, 1998). He has always said that children must love their brothers and sisters (Ruffin, 1998). It was the message he usually imparted. In this light, it forms the greatest expression of his Christian mission. By spreading the word of God, he allowed himself to be filled with the love of his Master, Jesus Christ and taught the faithful the way to salvation.

Ideal Leaders In Lord Of The Flies Essay Example for Free

Ideal Leaders In Lord Of The Flies EssayRalph, mariner and Piggy all possess unique qualities. Are every of them perfection draws? What important qualities do each of them possess (and lack) as regards lead?Who is the natural leader in Lord of the Flies? This is the question that Golding is making us consider. There is no upright or wrong answer, as all of the boys possess unique leadership qualities. This essay will explore what qualities of leadership Ralph, Piggy and Jack possess (and lack), and eventually come to a conclusion (if adept feces be found) as to which boy is the natural leader of the band of boys on the island. A leader is somebody who guides a group in whatever they do. They occupy policies, rules and, if necessary, decisions for the group that they lead, which the group should then follow.Ralph has a number of ideal leadership qualities. He is fair, maybe sometimes too fair, and believes in the idea of every single having a chance to wee their say (Ill give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when hes speakingAnd he wont be interrupted. Except by me. 31) However, the rule of freedom of speech is overturned by Jack (Jack was the frontmost to make himself heard. He had not got the conch and thus spoke against the rules, besides nobody minded. 94) and Ralph does not do anything about it.This is one of the qualities that Ralph lacks. He makes rules, but is not willing to enforce them because he fears that they may be ignored (You got to be tough now, make em do what you want. If I blow the conch and they dont come back, then weve had it 99) un little something happens to spur him to action, much(prenominal) as when Jack allow the exculpate out (So Ralph asserted his chieftainship and could not have chosen a better way if he had thought for days. Against this weapon, so indefinable and so effective, Jack was low-powered and raged without enjoying why 77)Ralph believes in everyone having responsibility and ever yone working together and helping each other to work a successful community. He flings the groups long term solutions such as shelters and a signal fire so that they would be rescued, however, he does not do enough to make these ideas attractive, and as a solving he ends up doing most of the work while the hunters and littluns disappear to have fun (And they keep rail off. You cogitate the meeting?How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished?, When the meeting was over theyd work for louvre minutes then wander off or go hunting. 51) This lack of acceptance of responsibility annoys him and makes him violent (As they danced, they sang. Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. Ralph watched them, envious and resentful. 79) towards Jack and the hunters. As a result, he is not as tolerant of them as he should have been and eventually insults that part of the group (What above my hunters? Boys armed with sticks. 137) This makes Jack angry enough to attempt to rebel against Ralphs leadership, and straight after he leaves to start a state of his take in.He is very entire at communication. He says what he thinks rather than trying to hide his own opinions and feelings (Better Piggy than Fatty, Ralph said with the directness of genuine leadership., I was chief, and you were going to do what I said. You talk. But you toss even build huts-then you go off hunting and let out the fire- 21/22) This is essential, because if you do not let others know your feelings, then they will not understand why you are acting the way you are, or your reasons for making decisions, and might think you are being unreasonable.He can make his speeches simple for the littluns to understand, only powerful by using repetition and explanation (He had learnt as a practical business that natural statements likes this had to be said at least twice, before everyone understood themHis mind was searching for simple nomenclature so that even the littluns would under stand what the assembly was about. 84) However, as events spiral out of his control, his speeches become less and less inspiring as he loses confidence in himself and his abilities, and eventually his followers desert him and he is left(a) on his own, running for his life.Though Ralph is a natural leader (There was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him outand most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. The being that had blown thatwas wane apart 19), able to reassure and offer comfort (The assembly was lifted towards safety by his words. They desire and now respected him. 36), the values and goals that he presents as part of his leadership do not offer the security that the group needs when their morale is low as a result of fear of the beast.As a result, he is only able to lead when times are good. He clings to the same ideals that he had when he first came to the island the idea of rescue, keeping civilisation intact and having rules, and is unable to adapt to the changing feelings on the island about those ideals when they are overtaken by more than immediate and attractive offers (Because the rules are the only thing weve got fellate to the rules Were strong we hunt If theres a beast, well hunt it down Well close in and reproof and beat and beat- 99)Piggy supports Ralph in his leadership, but does not have the popularity to be a leader himself. He possesses a number of leadership qualities, but because of his unpopularity, he is often ignored (There had grown up tacitly among the biguns the opinion that Piggy was an outsider, not only by accent, which did not matter, but by fat, and ass-mar, and specs, and a definite disinclination for manual(a) labour. 68)Because of this, when important matters needing his input occur, his valuable ideas are often disregarded (We ought to be more careful. Im scared- Youre always scared. Yah Fatty 45) He is intelligent, and most of the sensible, good ideas come from him (what intelligenc e had been shown was traceable to Piggy 18/19 Ralph We can use this the conch to call the others. Have a meeting. 12 Piggy moved among the crowd, asking names and frowning to remember them. 14 We havent made a fire whats any use. We couldnt keep a fire like that going if we tried. 41 The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down on the beach. 45)He is also a very good judge of character, though he seems blind when it comes to seeing that the others, Ralph included, do not like him (He hates me Jack. I dunno why. If he could do what he wanted youre all right, he respects youI tell you what. He hates you too, RalphHe cant detriment you, but if you stand out of the way hed hurt the next thing. And thats me. 100/101) However, his pessimism (Theyre all dead an this is an island. Nobody dont know were here. Your dad dont know, nobody dont know We may stay here till we die. 9), his complaining and his dislike of manual labour leads to the other boys regarding him as being no u se to the group, so they shout him down whenever he tries to speak (His voice lifted into the whine of virtuous recrimination.The others stirred and began to shout him down. 43) If Piggy and Ralph had worked together right at the beginning, with Ralph listening to Piggys ideas instead of regarding him as an irritation (Piggy was a bore his fat, his ass-mar and his matter-of-fact ideas were dull but there was always a little pleasure to be got out of pulling his leg, even if one did it by accident. 68), then Piggys intelligence and Ralphs popularity and dedication to work would have combined to make an excellent conjugation leadership which most of the group would have accepted.

Nelson mandela Essay Example for Free

Nelson mandela Essayin India, discriminatory attitudes towards men and women have existed for generations and affect the lives of both genders. Although the validation of India has granted men and women equal rights, gender disparity still remains. There are limited opportunities for women in sectors which traditionally demand for men to participate, such as armed forces. Although women also have mostly off-front frolic opportunities within the army. There is specific research on gender inequality mostly in party favour of men over women. Due to a lack of objective research on gender discrimination against men, it is perceived that it is only women who are suffering. The research often conducted is selectively sampled, where men are left egress of the picture.1 Women are perceived to be disadvant progressd at work, and conclusions are drawn that their capabilities are often underestimated. unlikeness towards WomenInfancy to childhoodBoth women and men are important for rep roduction. Sex is very important surrounded by a young-begetting(prenominal) and a female to ensure continuity of human species on the earth. The cultural conception of Indian society which reinforces gender bias against men and women, with varying degrees and variable contexts against the opposite sex,3 has led to the perpetuation of Indias strong preference for male children. Female infanticide, a sex-selective abortion, is adopted and strongly reflects the low posture of Indian women. Census 2011 shows decline of girl population (as a percentage to total population) under the age of seven, with activists estimating that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted in the past decade.4The 2005 census shows infant deathrate figures for females and males are 61 and 56, respectively, out of 1000 live births,5 with females more likely to be aborted than males due to aslope attitudes. A decline in the sex ratio was observed with Indias 2011 census reporting that it stands a t 914 females against 1,000 males, dropping from 927 in 2001 the lowest since Indias independence.6 The demand for sons among wealthy parents is being satisfied by the medical community through the provision of unlawful service of fetal sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. The financial incentive for physicians to undertake this illegal activity seems to be far greater than the penalties associated with breaking the law.7 Childhood to adulthood and educationEducation is non widely attained by Indian women. Although literacy rates are increasing, female literacy rate lags behind the male literacy rate.Literacy Rate Census of India 2001 and 2011 ComparisonLiteracy for females stands at 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for males.8 An underlying factor for such low literacy rates are parents perceptions that education for girls are a waste of resources as their daughters would eventually live with their husbands families and they will not receipts directly from the education inve stment.9 Adulthood and onwardsDiscrimination against women has contributed to gender wage differentials, with Indian women on norm earning 64% of what their male counterparts earn for the same occupation and level of qualification.10 Discrimination against women has led to their lack of self-sufficiency and authority. Although equal rights are given to women, egality may not be well implemented. In practice, land and attribute rights are weakly enforced, with customary laws widely practised in rural areas. Women do not deliver property under their own names and usually do not have any heritage rights to obtain a share of parental property.1 D

HRM policies in support of organizational objectives Essay Example for Free

HRM policies in support of institutional objectives EssayEmployee habit for achieving organizational objectives is based on several factors. Each factor is all interrelated to other or may have direct impact on employee per constituteance considering strategic HRM policies. Rewards play a actually important role in influencing employee behavior towards meeting organizational goals and increasing their demandal level that positively supports organizational commitment. Different jobs have diversifying demands for the offering of benefits to employees depending on the constituencies of each benefit outline.However, employees focus on goals accomplishment behavior and thus adopt a comprehensive policy for providing benefits to employees. These benefits include on-service perks and bonuses off-service compensation packages in the form of different pension plans. Benefits and rewards system come to a set of individual factors that in combine change the organization to implem ent their strategic HRM policies as for supporting organizational objectives.It must(prenominal) be ensured that these benefits and compensation system complies the equity principle thus increasing the harmony and address the recognition, employee rights, motivation, behavioral control, and employee performance management issues. These benefits ar directly dependant on the type of the job and employee demands. Younger employees are seem to be more(prenominal) oriented towards higher pay earnings whereas old employees show long term retort stir in terms of pension and retirement packages.Implementation of strategic HRM policies in organization becomes great quarrel due to resistance by employees as such policies also concern change management in uncertain market conditions. Companies offer numerous benefits such as annual bonuses, perks, extra time allowances, plussage, premia, and other incentives either based on individual performance or group performance. Such bonuses are es sential if companies blueprint at getting benefit from the skills and services of employees for longer term, due to unique skills and potential capability to evoke in organization in future.Overtime allowances and premia are essential to motivate the employees for working in rummy working timings or more than the usual working hours. In order to support short operate on operations of firm such allowances enable policy makers to deliver the goods objectives through effective utilization of HRM policies. In order to classify the performance of employee in manufacturing concern firms performance based bay deem distract facilitating rewarding the employees based on the results and goals achieved.Concerning the goal based approach, performance based pay is productive to stupefy and motivate employees towards achieving higher productive outcomes measured in terms of quantifiable objectives. In contrast to that, skill based pay supports the strategic HRM policy implementation when organizations are unable to classify the objectives in existent terms objectives are set based on the viability of employees to achieve through utilizing their skills qualitative in nature. It must be ensured that skills based rewards require assessing the monetary rewards considering the impact of business growth expansion.Positively valuing the competency of employee increases the motivation level and subsequently results in greater organization commitment. However, this pay system is not suitable to achieve organization objectives in rapidly changing working environment as specific skills become old due to inadequacy to conform latest business requirement. Strategic HRM policies aimed at assessing the potential opportunities for firm in long term by involvement of employees in decision making thus setting the greens goal set as corporate objective.Pension plans offer more convenience to firms when they need to hold open employees for longer duration thus in order to profound the policies on regulating employees, pension plans arrest the focus towards increasing employee performance aligning to organizational objectives. Occupational pension schemes in addition to body politic pension scheme offers employee recognition based on their service duration proper conveying the return outcome to employees especially who are more oriented towards organization goals achievement and shows higher level organizational commitment.Group personal schemes in addition to state pension scheme increases the capability of organization for words of HRM policies to sustain in market for longer duration employees involvement in such programs shows the willingness of employees to understand the organization objectives and potential capability associating to aligning behavior and unprompted the employees in a particular directional objectives of organization.In addition to pension benefits to permanent employees of organization, adjoining compensation packages and rewards gi ving the allowances such as sick pay, overtime allowances, and fringe benefits in the form of premia, special compensation for higher research studies, and providing utility facilities such as company maintained cars, employee health insurance, medical allowance, providing company maintained house for specific number of employees.These rewards affect the intrinsic motivational factors of employees due to trust of company being shown in employees by offering divers(a) forms of rewards and benefits classifies the ability to deliver strategic HRM policies based on the situation need and ability of employees of conform.Flexible benefits given to employees are more suitable due to its convenience in practical implication in driving employees behavior pertaining to the objectives setting and long term goals achievement. HRM policies must deliver the clear information to employees for the related prevision and demands that address the organization goal setting and strategies adopted to achieve such goals.

The Rise of Islamism in the 20th Century Essay Example for Free

The Rise of Islamism in the twentieth Century EssayIslamism is by now a powerful force. It runs governments in Iran, Sudan, and Afghanistan. It is an important force of adversary in Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, and the Palestinian authority. The paper at hand is going to analyze what conditions and events eachowed for the rise of Islamism as an ideology in the later 20th century? The first part is going to introduce the thought of eurocentrism. avocation this, Kemalism and its effect on Islamism is going to be discussed. In the last part of the paper post-modernism and Khomeini and their role in the rise of Islamism are highlighted.EUROCENTRISM Eurocentrism can be described as a phenomenon establishing the West as the focalise of the introduction by equating it with modernity and as a result make it the destiny of the world to give-up the ghost western sandwichized, since this is equal with being modern. This development is base on the idea that the West knows best (Sayyid, 127). This concept has its historical roots in European colonialism and imperialism. The discourse of eurocentrism is one of the major strands with which the network of western worldwide power is held together (p. 129), since it provides them with a sense of nity and power, which serves as legitimacy for claiming to be the center of the world. Opposition that wants to freeze off this hegemonic order, can do so only in the terms of that hegemony. This leads to a nonher assumption of eurocentrism there is secret code outside the Western project. (p. 135) KEMALISM After the post-colonial order and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Muslim world was dominated by Kemalist discourses. Influenced by eurocentrism, Kemals vision was to mimic the European way of building and reigning a nation to become like the West and as a result become modern and reach political qualification (Sayyid 155).This aim to become like the West resulted in major changes in Turkey and other countr ies being influenced by the Kemalist discourse. Before being abateed by the Kemalist regime, the caliphate constituted the nodal point, or so which the Muslim unity and identity was built. At the same judgment of conviction it was the centre of the Muslim political structure, attaching Islam as a master signifier to the state. (p. 57) Abolishing the caliphate unaffectionate the link between state and Islam. The goal of Kemalism was to disconnect Islam from the state to be able to establish a hegemonic discourse without having to integrate Islam.Being aware of the fact that the Kemalist government could non neglect Islam altogether, since the possibility of employ it to mobilize support still existed, Kemal tried to tie it in into his discourse. Acts like the abolishment of the caliphate and putting all educational institutions under direct state control to avoid Islamic concepts being taught, sought to standoffishness and even exclude Islam from the Kemalist Turkey. (pp. 63-6 4) The effect of Kemalism on the role of Islam was different than expected. Instead of depoliticize Islam the policies of the Kemalist reactivated it.By removing it from the centre of their disapproval of political order, they politicized it. Unsettling it and disseminating it into the general culture made it available for reinscription. The rise of Islamism was enabled through the possibility to articulate it into a counter-hegemonic discourse. (pp. 72-73) Additionally, the social crisis, in which the discourse of Kemalism was in, was severe enough to make Kemalism appear unstable and Islamism, because at this time seeming to be the only discourse that was structured in an otherwise unstable environment, could emerge as opposition to Kemalism.It provided Muslim societies with social order and stability. Nevertheless, the existence of Islam alone cannot account for Islamism, since it is not a reflection of the religion, but it becomes a political discourse that makes use of Islam to undermine the Kemalist regime. Islamism makes use of the availability of Islam and increases its availability at the same time. Through this relationship a two-way process evolves in which Islam and Islamism are organized around each other. (p. 2) The most important task for Islamism was to establish Islamism as a counter-hegemonic discourse through the tress of order to be able to rule in opposition to Kemalism. Hence, overall the emergence of Islamism was equally drug-addicted on the availability of Islamism and the erosion of Kemalism. (p. 77) The new hegemony of Islamism was only able to emerge because the old one began to unravel. Reasons for the mischance were among others that the project of Kemalism failed to constitute all social relations and was not able to make all subjects indoors the Kemalist regimes fully internalize this discourse.It was not evenly represented in all Muslim societies and was therefore not able to impose it totally. (p. 85) This incompleteness of the discourse resulted in the politicization of Islam, which at the same time was also based on the inability of the Kemalists to make their picture of Islam as the backward, superstitious and traditional discourse seem natural. (p. 86). On top the Kemalist regime had difficulties to suppress existence of an Islamist opposition. All together these factors weakened the Kemalists hold as a hegemonic discourse.The only emergent counter hegemonic discourse readily available to substitute the crumbling anciens regime appeared to be Islamism, in spite of its uneven presence. (p. 86) POST-MODERNISM Around the 1970s, after the decline of Kemalism, the situation began to change. It became possible to articulate political demands using a vocabulary centered on Islam, without any attempt to associate Islam with the West (Sayyid 155). This period, called post-modernism, constitutes a critique of modernity, which tries to abolish the view of the West and modernity being synonyms.It aimed at breaking the substitutability of the West and modern. Decentring the West meant the enervating of this constructed western identity. If the West ceased to exist as an unified entity, it could not provide the unity to constitute modernity. (p. 110) Post-modernism did not see the West as continuing to be the nodal point of the discourse of modernity and decentred the West. (p. 110) This post-modern mind-set moreover spurred the emergence of Islamism, since it was only able to exist in a world in which there was suspense of a western meta-discourse (p. 18). This possibility of rejection of westernization depended on the recognition that there was no historical necessity of the western hegemony and after two world wars, decolonization and the decline of Kemalism there was enough support for this assumption. Only in a context in which it was possible to disarticulate and re-articulate the relationship between the West and universalism in a way that it was no longer seen as the center a nd equal to modernity, could Islamism emerge. (p. 128)

Six Stroke Ic Engine Essay Example for Free

vi gibe Ic railway locomotive Essay1. INTRODUCTIONA diesel locomotive locomotive locomotive motor railway locomotive motor locomotive engine is an internal electrocution engine that char necessitate forers the arouse of abridgment to initiate loose to burn the arouse, which is injected into the electrocution bedroom during the final floor of contraction. diesel engine engines provoke wide range of utilization for automobiles, locomotives marines and co-gene dimensionn systems. However, large problem is still related to unsuitable run.The hexad- box engine is a fiber of internal burn engine based on the four- snapshot engine b bely with supernumerary complexity to make it more effectual and reduce emissions. Two divergent types of hexad- bezant engine have been developedIn the early approach, the engine captures the pepperiness lost from the four- rap Otto calendar method of birth control or diesel motor troll and uses it to spring an addit ional violence and extinguish calamity of the diver in the homogeneous cylinder. Designs use e actually steam or demarcation as the working fluid for the additional index misfortune. The pistons in this type of sisesome-stroke engine go up and down three clocks for each(prenominal) snap of arouse. T here(predicate) atomic number 18 cardinal proponent strokes angiotensin-converting enzyme with open fire, the separate with steam or tenor. The soon notable designs in this consort be the Crower hexad-stroke engine invented by Bruce Crower of the U.S. the Bajulaz engine by the Bajulaz S.A. comp either of Switzerland and the Velozeta half a dozen-stroke engine built by the College of Engineering, at Trivandrum in India.The act approach to the six-stroke engine uses a stake opposed piston in each cylinder that moves at half the cyclical rate of the main piston, thus giving six piston movements per bike. Functionally, the spot piston replaces the valve me chanism of a conventional engine but as well additions the compression ratio. The currently notable designs in this class include two designs developed independently the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian Malcolm Beare, and the German Charge nub, invented by Helmut Kottmann.To improve consume emissions from diesel engines, a new cin one grimacept of Six Stroke Engine has been proposed. This engine has a help compression and burning serve upes before carry off growth. pic public figure 1 Diesel engine sectional view chassis 2 Ideal Otto boutpic fig 3 Pressure- Volume diagrams for double cycleAs the render in one cycle was carve up into two flame abutes and the EGR ( shell Gas Recirculation) effect appeared in the help electrocution figure out, the decreased direct best cylinder temperature decreased Nitrous Oxide (NO) closeness in the cancel out gunman. It was further corroborate that vulgarism formed in the beginning(a) blaze process was oxidi zed in the second burn process .Therefore, a six stroke diesel engine has signifi tailt possibilities to improve conflagration process because of its more controllable factors sexual intercourse to a conventional four-stroke engine.Since the cylinder temperature before the second flame process is postgraduate because of an increase temperature in the start-off electrocution process, fire delay in the second conflagration process should be shortened. In addition, typically less(prenominal) desirable humiliated cetane number terminates might also be suitable for use in the second burning at the stake process, because the considerable ignition system delays of these elicits might be improved by increase cylinder temperatures from the starting burning process.Methanol was chosen as the fuel of the second conflagration. The cetane number of methyl alcohol is economic crisis and it shows low ignitability. However, since methanol will form an oxidizing radical (OH) d uring flame, it has the potential to reduce the filth produced in the first fire process.pic bod 4 Comparison of 4 stroke and 6 stroke cycle2. BAJULAZ SIX STROKE ENGINEThe majority of the actual internal fire engines, ope judge on different cycles have one common feature, electrocution chancering in the cylinder after each compression, resulting in bollix up expansion that acts directly on the piston (work) and limited to 180 degrees of crankshaft fee.According to its mechanical design, the six-stroke engine with outside and internal combustion and double flow is similar to the actual internal reciprocating combustion engine. However, it differentiates itself entirely, due to its thermodynamical cycle and a modified cylinder head with two subsidiary domiciliates burning, does not occur within the cylinder within the cylinder but in the supplementary combustion chamber, does not act immediately on the piston, and its duration is independent from the 180 degrees of cranks haft rotation that occurs during the expansion of the combustion gases (work).The combustion chamber is sumly en closed in(p) within the air- heating chamber. By heat switch through the vehement combustion chamber walls, air squash in the heating chamber increases and generate power for an a supplementary work stroke. Several advantages result from this, one genuinely cardinal being the increase in thermal efficiency. IN the contemporary internal combustion engine, the necessary cooling of the combustion chamber walls generates important hot losses. 2.1 AnalysisSix-stroke engine is mainly due to the radical hybridization of two- and four-stroke technology. The six-stroke engine is supplemented with two chambers, which allow parallel function and results a full eight-event cycle two four-event-each cycles, an external combustion cycle and an internal combustion cycle. In the internal combustion in that location is direct come to among air and the working fluid, whereas t here is no direct contact betwixt air and the working fluid in the external combustion process. Those events that affect the motion of the crankshaft are called dynamic events and those, which do not effect are called static events.picFig 5 Prototype of Six stroke engine internal view1. dream valve, 2.Heating chamber valve,3.Combustion chamber valve,4. Exhaust valve,5. cylinder, 6.Combustion chamber,7. Air heating chamber, 8.Wall of combustion chamber,9.fire injector and 10.Heater plug.2.1.1 Analysis of eventspicFig 6 Event 1 splendid air use in the cylinder (dynamic event)1. Intake valve.2. Heating chamber valve3. Combustion chamber valve.4. Exhaust valve5. Cylinder6. Combustion chamber.7. Air heating chamber.8. Wall of combustion chamber.9. Fuel injector.10. Heater plug.picFig 7 Event 2 Pure air compression in the heating chamber.Event 3 retention virginal air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat ex exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direc t action on the crankshaft (static event).picFig 8 Event 4 elaborateness of the Super heat air in the cylinder work (dynamic Event).picFig 9 Event 5 Re-compressions of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event).Events 6 fuel barb and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event).picFig 10 Events 7 Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamic event).picFig 11 Events 8 Combustion gases gravel (dynamic event).picFig 12 Six-stroke engine cycle diagram2.1.2 External combustion cycle ( divided up in 4 events)No direct contact between the air and the heating source.e1. (Event 1) Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event). e2. (Event 2) Compression of pure air in the heating chamber (dynamic event). e3. (Event 3) Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event).e4. (Event 4) Expansion of the super heated air in the cylinder, work (dynamic event).2.1.3 subjective combustion cycle (divided in 4 events)Direct contact between the air and the heating source.I1. (Event 5) Re-compression of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event) I2. (Event 6) Fuel crack and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). I3. (Event 7) Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamicevent). I4. (Event 8) Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event).2.2 Constructional detailsThe sketches shows the cylinder head fitted out(p) with both chambers and four valves of which two are conventional (intake and exhaust). The two others are do of industrial heat-resisting material. During the combustion and the air heating processes, the valves could open low the pressure within the chambers. To avoid this, a piston is installed on both valve shafts which compensate this pressure. Being a six-stroke cycle, the camshaft sp eed in one third of the crankshaft speed.The combustion chambers walls are glowing when the engine is running. Their small thickness allows heat exchange with the air-heating chamber, which is surrounding the combustion chamber. The air-heating chamber is isolated from the cylinder head to reduce thermal loss.Through heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the heating chamber, the work is distributed everywhere two strokes, which results in less pressure on the piston and greater smoothness of operation. In addition, since the combustion chamber is isolated from the cylinder by its valves, the pathetic separate, curiously the piston, are not subject to any excessive stress from the very high temperatures and pressures. They are also protected from explosive combustion or auto-ignition, which are observed on ignition of the air-fuel commixture in conventional gas or diesel engines.The combustion and air-heating chambers have different compression ratio. The compression ratio is high for the heating chamber, which operates on an external cycle and is supplied solely with pure air. On the other hand, the compression ratio is low for the combustion chamber because of effectively increase saturation, which operates on internal combustion cycle.The combustion of all injected fuel is insured, first, by the supply of preheated pure air in the combustion chamber, then, by the glowing walls of the chamber, which acts as multiple spark plugs. In order to facilitate coldstarts, the combustion chamber is fitted with a heater plug (glow plug). In contrast to a diesel engine, which requires a heavy construction, this multi-fuel engine, which can also use diesel fuel, may be built in a much spark fashion than that of a gas engine, e finically in the eggshell of all moving parts.Injection and combustion take place in the closed combustion chamber, therefore at a constant volume, over 360 degrees of crankshaft tap. This feature gives plenty of sequence for the fue l to burn ideally, and releases every potential calorie (first contribution to contaminant reduction). The stab may be split up, with twofold fuel using the SNDF system (Single Nozzle, Dual Fuel). The glowing walls of the combustion chamber will calcite the residues, which are deposited there during fuel combustion (second contribution to contaminant reduction).As well as regulating the intake and exhaust strokes, the valves of the heating and the combustion chambers allow importantly additional adjustments for improving efficiency and reducing noise.2.3 Factors Contributing To the Increased Thermal Efficiency, Reduced Fuel Consumption, and Pollutant rise 1. The heat that is evacuated during the cooling of a conventional engines cylinder head is recovered in six-stroke engine by air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion chamber. 2. After intake, air is compressed in the heating chamber and heated through 720 degrees of crankshaft angle, 360 degrees of which in closed chamb er (external combustion). 3. The transfer of heat from thin walls of the combustion chamber to the air heating chambers put downs the temperature, pressure of gases on expansion and exhaust (internal combustion). 4. Better combustion and expansion of gases that take place over 540 degrees of crankshaft rotation, 360 of which is in closed combustion chamber, and 180 for expansion. 5. Elimination of the exhaust gases crossing with dulcet air on intake. In the six stroke-engines, intake takes place on the first stroke and exhaust on the fourth stroke. 6. Large reduction in cooling power.The water pump and fan outputs are trim. Possibility to suppress the water cooler. 7. Less inertia dueto the lightness of the moving parts. 8. Better filling of the cylinders on the intake due to the spurn temperature of the cylinder walls and the piston head. 9. The glowing combustion chamber allows the finest burning of any fuel and calcinate the residues. 10. Distribution of the work two expansio ns (power strokes) over six strokes, or a third more than the in a four-stroke engine. Since the six-stroke engine has a third less intake and exhaust than a four stroke engine, the depression on the piston during intake and the back pressure during exhaust are reduced by a third. The gain in efficiency balances out the losses due to the passage of air through the combustion chamber and heating chamber valves, during compression of fresh and superheated air. Recovered in the six-stroke engine By the air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion. Friction losses, theoretically higher in the six-stroke engine, are balanced by a better distribution of pressure on the moving parts due to the work being spread over two strokes and the elimination of the direct combustion. 3. DUAL give notice SIX STROKE ENGINE3.1 WorkingThe cycle of this engine consists of six strokes1. Intake stroke2. start-off compression stroke3. First combustion stroke4. Second compression stroke5. Second combustio n stroke6. Exhaust strokepicFig 13 Concept of a Six-stroke diesel engine3.1.1 Intake or Suction strokeTo start with the piston is at or very near to the T.D.C., the doorway valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. A rotation is given to the crank by the energy from a flywheel or by a starter motor when the engine isjust being started. As the piston moves from circus tent to bottom dead centre the rarefaction is formed inside the cylinder i.e. the pressure in the cylinder is reduced to a value below atmospheric pressure. The pressure going away causes the fresh air to rush in and fill the space vacated by the piston. The admission of air continues until the inlet valve closes at B.D.C.3.1.2 First Compression strokeBoth the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The air is compressed up to compression ratio that depends upon type of engine. For diesel engines the compression ratio is 12-18 and pressure and temperature towards the end of compres sion are 35-40 kgf/cm2 and 600-700 0C3.1.3 First combustion strokeThis stroke includes combustion of first fuel (most probably diesel) and expansion of return of combustion. The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches T.D.C.Here the fuel in the form of fine spray is injected in the combustion space. The atomization of the fuel is accomplished by air supplied. The air entering the cylinder with fuel is so regulated that the pressure theoretically remains constant during burning process.In airless scene process, the fuel in finely atomized form is injected in combustion chamber. When fuel vapors raises to self ignition temperature, the combustion of accumulated oil commences and there is sudden rise in pressure at or so constant volume. The combustion of fresh fuel injected into the cylinder continues and this ignition is due to high temperature developed in engine cylinder. However this latter combustion occurs at or so constant pressure.Due to expansion of gases piston moves downwards. The reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary motion of crankshaft by connectingrod and crank. During expansion the pressure slide down is due to increase in volume of gases and absorption of heat by cylinder walls.3.1.4 Second compression strokeBoth the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The combustion products from the first compression stroke are recompressed and utilized in the second combustion process before the exhaust stroke. In typical diesel engine combustion the combustion products still contains some oxygen.3.1.5 Second combustion strokeThis stroke includes combustion of second fuel having low cetane (Cetane number of fuel is defined as percent volume of cetane (C16H34) in a mixture of cetane and alpha-methyl-naphthalene that produces the same delay stoppage or ignition lag as the fuel being tested under same operating conditions on same engine). The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches to TDC.The second fuel injected into recompressed fire gas can be burnt in the second combustion process. In other words combustion process of the second fuel takes place in an internal full EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) of the first combustion. This second combustion process was the special feature of the proposed Six Stroke DI Diesel Engine.3.1.6 Exhaust strokeThe exhaust valve begins to open when the power stroke is about to complete. A pressure of 4-5 kgf/cm2 at this instant forces about 60% of burnt gases into the exhaust obscure at high speed. Much of the noise associated with automobile engine is due to high exhaust velocity. The counterbalance of burnt gases is cleared of the swept volume when the piston moves from TDC to BDC. During this stroke pressure inside the cylinder is meagrely above the atmospheric value. Some of the burnt gases are howeverleft in the clearance space. The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC.The inlet valve opens slight ly before the end of exhaust stroke and cylinder is organize to receive the fresh air for new cycle. Since from the beginning of the intake stroke the piston has made six strokes through the cylinder (Three up And Three down). In the same period crank shaft has made three revolutions. Thus for six stroke cycle engine there are two power strokes for every three revolutions of crank shaft.3.2 act analysis3.2.1 Modification over four stroke diesel engineThis six-stroke diesel engine was made from a conventional four-stroke diesel engine with some modification. A sub-shaft was added to the engine, in order to drive a camshaft and injection pumps. The rotation speed of the sub-shaft was reduced to 1/3 of the rotation of an output shaft. To obtain similar valve timings between a four-stroke and a six-stroke diesel engine, the cam profile of the six-stroke diesel engine was modified. In order to separate the fuels, to control each of the injection timings and to control each injection fl ow rate in the first and the second combustion processes, the six-stroke diesel engine was equipped with two injection pumps and two injection nozzles. The injection pumps were of the same type as is used in the four-stroke diesel engine.The nozzle is located near the nubble of a piston cavity, and has four injection holes. For the six-stroke diesel engine, one extra nozzle was added on the cylinder head. This extra nozzle was of the same design as that of the four-stroke engine. picFig 14 Volume Angle diagram for six stroke engineDiesel fuel for the first combustion process was injected through this extra nozzle, and methanol for the second combustion process was injected through the center nozzle. Here, we denoted the injection timing of the fourstroke diesel engine as Xi. The injection timings of the first and second combustion strokes for the six-stroke diesel engine are shown as Xi I and Xi II, respectively. Crank angle X was measured from the intake BDC. In the six-stroke eng ine, crank angle of the first combustion TDC is 180 degrees. The second combustion TDC is 540 degrees.Specifications of the test engines are shown in circuit card 1. The conventional four-stroke diesel engine that was chosen as the basis for these experiments was a single cylinder, air cooled engine with 82 mm bore and 78 mm stroke. The six-stroke engine has the same engine specifications except for the valve timings. However, the volumetric efficiency of the six-stroke engine showed no significant difference from that of the four-stroke engine.Characteristics of the six-stroke diesel engine were equalized with the conventional four-stroke diesel engine. In this paper, the engine speed (Ne) was fixed at 2,000 rpm. Cylinder and line pressure indicators were equipped on the cylinder head. NO concentration was measured by a chemiluminescences NO meter, and soot emission was measured by a Bosch smoke meter.The physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol are shown in Table. 2. Since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol are different, injection flow rates of the first and the second combustion processes are defined by the meat of combustion heat. Here, the supplied combustion heat for the first combustion process is denoted by QI. The second combustion stroke is denoted by QII. The ratio of QII to Qt (Qt = QI+QII) supplied combustion heat per cycle) is defined as the heat assignation ratio H H = QII = QII QI +QII QtTable 1. Specifications of the test engine iv stoke Six strokeDiesel Engine Diesel Engine Engine type DI, Single cylinder, Air cooled, OHV Bore x Stroke mm 82 x 78Displacement cc 412Top Clearance mm 0.9 Cavity Volume cc 16 Compression ratio 21 Intake Valve Open100 BTDC70 BTDCIntake valve Close1400 BTDC1450 BTDCExhaust Valve Open1350 ATDC1400 ATDCExhaust Valve Close120 ATDC30 ATDCValve Overlap 220 100Rated power 5.9 kW /3000rpmBase Engine -Table 2. Physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol Diesel Fuel Me thanol Combustion heat MJ/kg 42.7 19.9 Cetane number 40-55 3.0 Density kg/m2 840 793 Theoretical air-fuel ratio 14.6 6.5 3.3 surgery of six stroke diesel engine3.3.1 Comparison with four stroke diesel engineA four-stroke engine has one intake stroke for every two engine rotations. For the six-stroke engine, however, the intake stroke took place once for every three engine rotations. In order to keep the combustion heat per building block epoch constant, the combustion heat supplied to one six-stroke cycle should be 3 or 2 times larger than that of the four-stroke engine.There are many ways to canvas performance between the four-stroke and six-stroke engines. For this paper, the authors have chosen to comparethermal efficiency or SFC at same output power. If the thermal efficiency was the same in both engines, the same output power would be produced by the fuels of equivalent heats of combustion.Therefore, in order to make valid proportion, fuels supplied per unit time wer e controlled at the same value for both engines and engine speeds were kept constant. In this section, fuel supplied for the engines was only a diesel fuel. Performance of the six-stroke engine was compared with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. precise conditions for similarity of the four-stroke and six-stroke engines are listed in Table. 3. The heat allocation ratio of the six-stroke engine was set at H = 0.5. Injection flow rate of fuel was Qt4 = 0.50 KJ/cycle for the four-stroke engine and Qt6 = 0.68 KJ/cycle for the six stroke engine. For six stroke engine, it meant that the amount of 0.34KJ was supplied at each combustion process.At the viewpoint of combustion heat, 0.75 KJ/cycle of heat should be supplied for the six stroke engine to make the equivalence heat condition. However diesel fuel of 0.68 KJ/cycle was supplied here because of difficulties associated with methanol injection.Injection timing of the four-stroke engine was changed from 160 degrees (200BTDC) to 180 degrees (TDC). For six -stroke engine, the injection timing of the first combustion process was fixed to 165 degrees (15BTDC) or 174 degrees (6BTDC), and the second injection timing was changed from 520 degrees (2000 BTDC) to 540 degrees (TDC).picFig 15 Valve timing diagram four stroke engineTable 3. Detailed conditions of comparison between the four stroke and six stroke diesel engines and performance of engine Four Stroke Six Stroke Engine ParametersDiesel Engine Diesel Engine Engine vivify Ne rpm 2007 2016 Supplied combustion heat per cycle Qt KJ/cycle 0.50 0.68 Supplied combustion heat per unit time Ht KJ/s 8.36 7.62 Intake air flow per cycle Ma mg/cycle 358.7 371.4 Injection quantity per cycle Mf mg/cycle 11.8 16 excess air ratio 2.40 1.83 Intake air flow per unit time Ma g/cycle 6.00 4.16 Injection quantity per unit time Mf g/sec 0.197 0.179 Brake tortuousness Tb N-m 15.52 15.28 Brake power Lb KW 3.26 3.24 BSFC. b g / KW-h 217.9 520.3 IMEP Pi Kgf / cm2 5.94 4.37 Indicated torque Ti N-m 19.10 18.71 Indicatedpower Li KW 4.01 3.75 ISFC bi g / KW-h 177.2 163.3 Indicated torque of the six-stroke engine is almost same level with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. NO concentration in exhaust gas of the six-stroke engine was lower than that of the four-stroke engine. NO emissions from both engines were reduced by the suss out of injection timing. The effect of stop in the second injection timing of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the check off in the four-stroke engine.For the six-stroke engine, from the comparison between Xi I = 165 degrees (15BTDC) and Xi I = 174 degrees (6BTDC), it seemed that the NO reduction effect appeared with the timing hold up in the first combustion process.soot emission in the exhaust gas of the four-stroke engine was low level and it was not affected by the timing retard of injection. However, the level of soot emissi on from the six-stroke engine was strongly affected by the timing of the second injection. When the injection timing was advanced from 528 degrees (12 BTDC), it was confirmed that the soot emission was lower than that of the four-stroke engine.From numerical analysis, it was considered that the soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process. On the contrary, when the injection timing was retarded from 528 degrees (12 BTDC), soot emission increased with the timing retard. Then, it was considered that the increased part of the soot was formed in the second combustion process because an purchasable period for combustion was shortened with the retard of injection timing.Experimental conditions were Xi = Xi I = clxx degrees (100 BTDC) and XiII=530 degrees (100 BTDC). The heat allocation ratio of six stroke enginewas H=0.5.The cylinder temperature and heat release rate were calculated from the cylinder pressure. The ensample of heat release r ate in the first combustion stroke of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the heat release rate of the four-stroke engine. It was the typical combustion pattern that contained a pre-mixed combustion and diffusion combustion. On the other hand, since an increase of cylinder temperature in the second combustion process was caused by the compression of the burned-over gas formed in the first combustion stroke, a pre-mixed combustion in the second combustion process was suppressed by a short ignition delay. The maximum cylinder temperature in the first combustion process was lower than that in the four-stroke engine. It was caused by little amount of fuel which was injected in the first combustion process. Considering these results, it was proved that NO concentration in the exhaust gas was reduced by the decrease of the maximum cylinder temperature in the first combustion process and EGR effect in the second combustion process.The performance of these two engines could be co mpared by Table. 3. Since BSFC of the six-stroke engine obtained by the brake power suffered, SFC is compared with ISFC for the Xi = 163 degree (170 BTDC), ISFC of the four-stroke engine was 177.2 g/KW-h.On the other hand, for the Xi I = 165 degrees (15 BTDC) and Xi II = 523 degrees (170 BTDC), I.S the six-stroke engine was 163.3 g/KW-h. i.e. ISFC of the six-stroke engine was slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine.It was considered that this advantage in ISFC was caused by a small cut-off ratio of constant pressure combustion. Because, in the six-stroke engine proposed here, the fuel divided into two combustion processes resulted in a short combustion period of each combustion process. Furthermore, in the reduction of NO emission, the six-stroke engine was topnotch to the four-stroke engine.3.3.2 Effect of heat allocation ratioInjection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (1000 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Both fuels in the first and second combustion proces ses were diesel fuel. Total fuel at the combustion heat basis was Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle. It meant a high fill up in this engine because the total excess air ratio was 1.83 as previously shown in Table 3.The maximum value of the indicated torque appeared around H = 0.5 NO concentration in exhaust gas was reduced by an increase of heat allocation ratio. In other words, NO emission decreased with an increase of the fuel of the second combustion process.In the case of H = 0.5, there is a relatively long ignition delay in the first combustion process and pre-mixed combustion was the main combustion phenomena in it. NO of high concentration was formed in this pre-mixed combustion process. On the other hand, in the case of H = 1, diffusion combustion was the main combustion phenomena and NO emission was low. smut fungus emission in exhaust gas increased with an increase of heat allocation ratio. Since the injection flow rate in the second combustion process increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio, the injection period increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. It caused the second combustion process to be long, and unburnt fuel that was the origin of soot remained after the second combustion process.The heat release rates on H = 0.15 and H = 0.85. For H =0.15, since injection flow rate in the first combustion process was high and injection period in it was long, the combustion period in the first combustion process became long as compared with case of H = 0.85. On the other hand, for H = 0.85, the combustion period in the second combustion process became long as compared with case of H=0.15. It was also observed that the long combustion periods in both the first and second combustion were caused by the long diffusion combustion. Further, diffusion combustion was the main combustionphenomena of the second combustion process.When the heat allocation ratio was 0.85, the ratio of heat release rates between the first and second combustion shoul d be 15 85, however the actual ratio obtained from the figure was 46 54. This inconsistency was caused from the drift of the base lines of the heat release diagrams. For H = 0.15, the actual ratio of heat release rates was 73 27 with the similar reason.The cylinder temperature for the H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of the H = 0.85 condition. This could be explained as follows. In the first combustion stroke, since the injection flow rate of H = 0.15 was higher than that of H = 0.85, the combustion temperature for the H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of H = 0.85. In the second compression stroke, since the high temperature burned gas was re-compressed, the temperature of H = 0.15 was also higher than that of H = 0.85.As a result, the temperature at the beginning of the second combustion stroke was high in H = 0.15 condition as compared with H = 0.85 condition. At the posterior stage of the second combustion, however, the opposite relationship between these two temper atures were observed, because the injection flow rate of the second combustion process was low in H = 0.15 condition.The maximum temperatures in the first and second combustion process decreased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Then, it could be reason out that the reduction of NO concentration with the heat allocation ratio, was caused by the decrease of the cylinder temperature.3.4 Performance of the dual fuel six stroke diesel engine3.4.1 Comparison with diesel fuel six stroke engineOperating conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines are shown in Table. 4. Experimental conditions were Xi I= 170 degrees (100 BTDC), Xi II = 530 degrees (10o BTDC) and H = 0.5.In dual fuel six-stroke engine, diesel fuel and methanol were supplied into first and second combustion process, independently. Combustion heats supplied per one cycle of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engines were same. The combustion heat supplied per one cy cle was selected as Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle under the centerfield load condition. Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was compared with the diesel fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process. Indicated torques of both engines was revealed constant around 15 N-m. As a result, it could be concluded that states of combustion of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines had similar contributions on the engine performance. NO emissions from the dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than those of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine. This effect appeared prominently at the advanced injection timing of the second combustion. Further, NO concentrations of both engines were reduced by the injection timing retard in the second combustion. picFig 16 Torque- Angle diagram for six stroke engineSoot emission in the exhaust gas of the diesel fuel six stroke engines increased with a retard of the injection timing in the second combustion. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the exhaust level of soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process. Soot was formed clearly by the combustion of diesel fuel in the first combustion process and it was oxidized in the second combustion process. Considering these results, it was possible to estimate that soot was almost oxidized by methanol combustion in the second combustion process. This estimation is supported by a dual fuel diesel engine operated with diesel fuel methanol.The combustion heat supplied per one cycle was selected as Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle under the high load condition. Indicated torques of both engines was also revealed constant around 20 N-m. NO concentration had the same list as the cases of the middle load. Soot emission level of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was high in this high load condition. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, however, soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process .The performance of these engines was compared in Table. 4. For the second combustion process, since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol were different, injection quantities of both engines were different. BSFC and ISFC of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was sensibly higher than that of the diesel fuel engine. To compare the performance of these engines, injection quantity of both engines was defined by an amount of combustion heat, and SFC should be calculated from it. As a result, indicated specific heat inlet of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was 5.59 MJ/KW-h, and that of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was 5.43 MJ/KW-h. For the high load conditions shown in Table. 5, the similar advantage of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was observed.Table 4. Detailed conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engines and performance of engines under H = 0.5 and middle load Diesel Fuel Six Stroke Diesel Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine Diesel Engine Engin e Speed Ne rpm 2016 2003 Supplied combustion heat per cycle Qt KJ/cycle 0.43 Injection quantity per cycle 5.0 (First Combustion Stroke) (Diesel Fuel) Mf1 mg/cycle Injection quantity per cycle 5.0 10.7 (Second Combustion Stroke) (Diesel Fuel) (Methanol) Mf2 mg/cycle Excess air ratio 2.98 3.15 Brake torque Tb N-m 3.14 3.14 Brake power Lb KW 0.66 0.66 B.S.F.C. b g / KW-h 610.9 952.9 I.M.E.P. Pi Kgf / cm2 3.43 3.53 Indicated torque Ti N-m 16.70 15.12 Indicated power Li KW 3.1 2.77 I.S.F.C. bi g / KW-h 130.1 198.4 Indicated specific heat consumption bi MJ /KW-h 5.59 5.43 In order to confirm the advantage of dual fuel six-stroke engine, the performance of these engines was compared with four-stroke engine as shown in Table. 6. NO concentrations of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines were improved with 85 90% as compared with that of the four-stroke engine. Soot emission of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was much higher than that of the four-stroke engine. However, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot level was very low.Furthermore, the indicated specific heat consumption of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than that of the four-stroke engine. Especially, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the indicated specific heat consumption was improved with 15% as compared with that of the four stroke engine. From these results, it could be confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was choice to the diesel fuel six-stroke engine, and also it was superior to the four-stroke engine.Table 6. Percentage improvements of exhaust emission and specific heatconsumption Four Stroke Diesel Six Stroke Diesel EngineDual Fuel Six Stroke Engine Engine NO ppm 113 90.5 ( % improvement) 768 (85.3%) (88.2%) Soot % 28.8 0 (%improvement) 6.8 (- 323.5%) (100%) Indicated specific heat consumption bi MJ/KW-h 7.51 6.61 6.37 (% improvement) (12.0%) (15.2%) Table 5. Detailed conditions of compar ison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engine and performance of engines under H =0.5 and high load Six Stroke Diesel Engine Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine Engine Speed Ne rpm 2016 2006 Supplied combustion heat per cycle Qt kJ/cycle 0.68 Injection quantity per cycle 8.0 (First Combustion Stroke) (Diesel Fuel) Mf1 mg/cycle Injection quantity per cycle 8.0 17.2 (Second Combustion Stroke) (Diesel Fuel) (Methanol) Mf2 mg/cycle Excess air ratio 1.86 1.93 Brake torque Tb N-m 6.18 6.08 Brake power Lb kW 1.52 1.5 B.S.F.C. b g / kW.h 504.0 777.7 I.M.E.P. Pi kgf / cm2 4.56 4.75 Indicated torque Ti N-m 21.68 20.38 Indicated power Li kW 3.45 2.98 I.S.F.C. bi g / kW.h 155.5 236.2 Indicated specific heat consumption bi MJ /kW.h 6.61 6.37 3.4.2 Effect of injection timingPerformance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process was investigated on middle and high load. Experimental conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and H = 0.5.Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under both load conditions had the similar tendency with the timing retard. NO concentrations in the high load condition were higher than those of the middle load condition. However, soot emission levels of both load conditions were extremely low under various injection timings of the second combustion.3.4.3 Effect of heat allocation ratioPerformance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various heat allocation ratios was investigated on middle and high load. Injection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Since the combustion heat of methanol was low, experimental range of heat allocation ratio was limited by the smooth operation of the engine. solo the range from H = 0.25 to 0.75 (on Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle), and from H = 0 to 0.5 (on Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle) could be tested..Indicated torque increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. NO concentra tion in exhaust gas was reduced with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Soot was very low, irrespective of the methanol flow rate. Even if the load condition was high, it was concluded that soot was much eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process (8% of total fuel).4. ADVANTAGES OF SIX STROKE OVER FOUR STROKE ENGINESThe six stroke is thermodynamically more efficient because the change in volume of the power stroke is greater than the intake stroke, the compression stroke and the Six stroke engine is fundamentally superior to the four stroke because the head is no longer leechlike but is a net contributor to and an integral part of the power generation within exhaust stroke. The compression ration can be increased because of the absent of hot spots and the rate of change in volume during the critical combustion period is less than in a Four stroke. The absence seizure of valves within the combustion chamber allows considerable design freedom.4 .1 Main advantages of the duel fuel six-stroke engine4.1.1 reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40%An operating efficiency of approximately 50%, hence the large reduction in specific consumption. the Operating efficiency of current throttle engine is of the order of 30%. The specific power of the six-stroke engine will not be less than that of a four-stroke petrol engine, the increase in thermalefficiency compensating for the issue due to the two additional strokes.4.1.2 Two expansions (work) in six strokesSince the work cycles occur on two strokes (3600 out of 10800 ) or 8% more than in a four-stroke engine (1800 out of 720 ), the torque is much more even. This lead to very smooth operation at low speed without any significant effects on consumption and the emission of pollutants, the combustion not being affected by the engine speed. These advantages are very important in improving the performance of car in town traffic.4.1.2 Dramatic reduction in pollutionChemical, noise a nd thermal pollution are reduced, on the one hand, in proportion to the reduction in specific consumption, and on the other, through the engines own characteristics which will help to considerably lower HC, CO and NOx emissions. Furthermore, its ability to run with fuels of vegetable origin and weakly pollutant gases under optimum conditions, gives it qualities which will allow it to match up to the strictest standards.4.1.3 MultifuelMultifuel par excellence, it can use the most varied fuels, of any origin (fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G. or animal grease. The difference in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present any problem in combustion. Its light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low compression ration of the combustion chamber do not exclude the use of diesel fuel. Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended.5. CONCLUSIONSThe performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was investigated. In this dual fuel engine, diesel fuel was supplied int o the first combustion process and methanol was supplied into the second combustion process wherethe burned gas in the first combustion process was re-compressed. The results are summarized as follows.1. Indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC.) of the six-stroke engine proposed here is slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine (about 9% improvement). NO and soot emissions from the six-stroke engine was improved as compared with four-stroke engine under advanced injection timings in the second combustion stroke. 2. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the timing retard and an increase of heat allocation ratio in the second combustion stroke resulted in a decrease of the maximum temperatures in the combustion processes. It caused the reduction of NO emission.3. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot was practically eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process. 4. From the comparison of the performance between the dual fuel six-stroke and th e four-stroke engine, it was concluded that indicated specific heat consumption of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 15% as compared with the four-stroke engine. NO concentration of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 90%. Furthermore, soot emission was very low in the dual fuel six-stroke engine.5. As the fuel in one cycle was divided into two combustion processes and the EGR effect appeared in the second combustion process, the decreased maximum cylinder temperature reduced NO concentration in the exhaust gas It was further confirmed that soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process .Therefore, a six stroke DI diesel engine has significant possibilities to improve combustion process because of its more controllable factors relative to a conventional four-stroke engine. Considering these results, it was confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was superior to the four-stroke engine.6. REFERENCES1. Tsun aki Hayasaki, Yuichirou Okamoto, Kenji Amagai and Masataka Arai A Six-stroke DI Diesel Engine under Dual Fuel Operation SAE Paper No1999-01-15002. S.Goto and K.Kontani, A Dual Fuel Injector for Diesel Engines, SAE paper, No. 851584, 1985 3. Internal Combustion Engines A book by Mathur Sharma. 4. Internal Combustion Engines Tata McGraw-hill publications,Author V Ganesan7. NOMENCLATURENe Engine speedX Crank angleXi Injection timing of the four-stroke diesel engineH Heat allocation ratioQ Supplied combustion heatQt Supplied combustion heat per cycleP Cylinder pressureV Cylinder volumeVs Stroke volumePi Indicated mean effective pressure (LM.E.P)Ti Indicated torqueLi Indicated powerTb Brake torqueLb Brake powerHt Supplied combustion heat per unit timeMa Intake air flow per cycleMa Intake air flow per unit timeMf Injection quantity per cycleMi Injection quantity per unit time Excess air ratiob Brake specific fuel consumption (B.S.F.C.)bl Indicated specific fuel cons umption (I.S.F.C.)bi Indicated specific heat consumptionSUBSCRIPTSI first combustion strokeII second combustion stroke4 four-stroke diesel engine6 six-stroke diesel engine